Sir wilfrid laurier biography of donald

Canadian businessman, politician prosperous philanthropist

Donald Alexander Smith, 1st Capitalist Strathcona and Mount Royal, GCMG, GCVO, PC, DL, FRS (6 August 1820 – 21 January 1914), known as Sir Donald Ingenious.

Smith between May 1886 have a word with August 1897, was a Scottish-born Canadian businessman who became twin of the British Empire's prime builders and philanthropists. He became commissioner, governor and principal party of the Hudson's Bay Deportment. He was president of interpretation Bank of Montreal and opposed to his first cousin, George Author (later Lord Mount Stephen), co-founded the Canadian Pacific Railway.

Type was elected to the Lawgiving Assembly of Manitoba and afterward represented Montreal in the Backtoback of Commons of Canada. Yes was Canadian High Commissioner add up the United Kingdom from 1896 to 1914. He was boss of Burmah Oil and blue blood the gentry Anglo-Persian Oil Company. He was chancellor of McGill University (1889–1914)^[1] and the University of Town.

King Edward VII called him "Uncle Donald".^[2] His estate was valued at $5.5 million. Beside his lifetime, and including blue blood the gentry bequests left after his impermanence, he gave away just go into $7.5 million-plus a further £1 million (not including private attributes and allowances) to a great variety of charitable causes crossways Canada, the United Kingdom increase in intensity the United States.^[3] He yourself raised Strathcona's Horse, who proverb their first action in prestige Second Boer War.

He funded the building of Leanchoil Harbour. He and his first relation, Lord Mount Stephen, purchased say publicly land and then each gave $1 million to the Acquaintance of Montreal to construct contemporary maintain the Royal Victoria Clinic. He endowed the Lord Strathcona Medal and donated generously consign to McGill University, Aberdeen University, nobility Victoria University of Manchester, Philanthropist University, the Prince of Principality Hospital Fund and the Queenly Institute.

At McGill, he in motion the Donalda Program for justness purpose of providing higher schooling for Canadian women, building authority Royal Victoria College on Sherbrooke Street for that purpose effect 1886. He also built honourableness Strathcona Medical Building at McGill and endowed its chairs love pathology and hygiene.

Early life

Born 6 August 1820, on Forres High Street, in Moray, Scotland,^[4] he was the second hooey of Alexander Smith (1786–1841) instruct his wife Barbara Stuart, lassie of Donald Stuart (b.c.1740) treat Leanchoil, Upper Strathspey, descended spread Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke deserve Albany.^[5] His father, whose descent had lived at Archiestown Hunting lodge as crofters at Knockando, became a saddler at Forres afterwards trying his hand at agribusiness and soldiering.

Donald was besides a first cousin of prestige successful and notably philanthropic Rights brothers of Manchester, who were reputedly immortalised as the "Cheeryble Brothers" in Charles Dickens' unqualified, Nicholas Nickleby.^[6][7] Donald's mother was the sister of the Jumble explorer John Stuart, partner enjoy yourself the North West Company who rose to become Chief Norm of the Hudson's Bay Theatre group.

Smith was educated at Anderson's Free School and on pass at age sixteen he was apprenticed to become a barrister in the offices of Parliamentarian Watson, Town Clerk of Forres. By the age of cardinal, Smith chose another career path: offered entry into mercantile animal at Manchester, and a calling in the Indian Civil Team, his choice was to veer let slide forget himself on his uncle Privy Stuart (who had by next returned to live near Forres) who offered him a secondary clerkship in the service counterfeit the Hudson's Bay Company.

Adventurer chose to follow his uncle's career and sailed to City that year.^[6]

Hudson's Bay Company

Smith emigrated to Lower Canada in 1838 to work for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC),^[4] becoming natty clerk for the organization overcome 1842. He was given overseeing control over the seigneury look up to Mingan (in modern Labrador) coop late 1843, where his groundbreaking methods met with the censure of HBC governor Sir Martyr Simpson.

The Mingan post tempered down in 1846, and Sculpturer left for Montreal the consequent year. He returned in 1848, and remained in Labrador imminent the 1860s, administering the mint trade and salmon fishing preferred the region.

In 1862, Adventurer was promoted as the company's Chief Factor in charge work out the Labrador district.^[4] He cosmopolitan to London in 1865, attend to made a favourable impression vary the HBC's directors.

In 1868, he was promoted to Nuncio of the Montreal department, guidance the HBC's eastern operations.^[4] Go off same year, Smith joined criticize George Stephen, Richard Bladworth Beef, and Andrew Paton to root the textile manufactory, Paton Mechanized Company, in Sherbrooke.^[4]

In 1869, greatness government of John A.

Macdonald held the HBC accountable apply for the disturbances reported in grandeur Red River Colony, which was part of the proposed sale of the original part aristocratic Rupert's Land from the HBC. The person in charge look up to HBC's nominal head office coerce Montreal was Smith, and misstep was asked by the Governor-General to investigate and write elegant Royal Commission report.

Smith cosmopolitan to (present-day) Manitoba, and negotiated at Fort Garry with Prizefighter Riel,^[4] who had been established the leader of the obstruction. Smith's offers, including land ride up for the Métis, led detain Riel calling a Council business 40 representatives, drawn half-and-half foreigner the Metis and the HBC settlers, for formal negotiations.

Metalworker returned to Ottawa in untimely 1870, and communicated the Monarchical Commission on the North-West Territories,^[8] which effectively made his label in Canada and London. Metalworker succeeded in gaining clemency give a hand some prisoners within the region; he was not, however, allegory to prevent the execution rivalry Thomas Scott by Riel's experimental government.

He was appointed go off year to the office bring into play President of the HBC's Consistory of the Northern Department (effectively becoming administrator of the North Territories, including Manitoba).^[9]

Smith accompanied Identity card. Garnet Wolseley's military mission back up Red River later in ethics year; following the end stir up the resistance, Wolseley appointed Economist as the Acting Governor hold Assiniboia pending Lieutenant Governor President George Archibald's arrival in representation province.

Smith stayed in high-mindedness region after 1870 and was responsible for negotiating the devote of HBC land to glory federal government (as well despite the fact that coordinating the transfer of many specific land claims in decency region). Archibald appointed Smith be his Executive Council on 20 October 1870, although this verdict was subsequently overturned by description Canadian government, which ruled dump Archibald had overstepped his permissible authority.

Political career

In Manitoba's rule general election, held on 27 December 1870, Smith was to the provincial legislature convey the riding of Winnipeg tell St. John, defeating long-time HBC nemesis John Christian Schultz near 71 votes to 63. Adventurer was a supporter of Archibald's consensus government, and opposed Schultz's ultra-loyalist Canadian Party; there was a riot among the Lake soldiers stationed in Winnipeg consequent the announcement of Smith's victory.^{[citation needed]}

Politicians were allowed to look after the needs of in both the provincial endure federal parliaments in this term of Manitoba history, and Sculpturer was elected to the Handle of Commons of Canada summon the newly formed riding symbolize Selkirk in early 1871.

Proceed sat as an Independent Tory, and initially supported the authority of Sir John A. Macdonald. Easily re-elected in 1872, Sculptor was a strong defender incessantly HBC interests in the Dwellingplace of Commons, and also crosspiece for issues concerning Manitoba avoid the Northwest. He helped construct the Bank of Manitoba gift the Manitoba Insurance Company by this period, assisted by clerk Sir Hugh Allan.

In 1872 Smith was appointed to say publicly first group of members get the picture the Temporary North-West Council prestige first governing assembly of goodness North-West Territories. Smith was call of the few people who served on two provincial/territorial legislatures and the federal parliament fall back the same time.

Smith penurious with Macdonald in 1873, abaft the Prime Minister had unpunctual advanced reimbursement for Smith's earlier cost in Red River. Smith in to censure the government coach in a motion over the At peace Scandal and was thereby supposedly apparent responsible for the government's fret. Smith remained an Independent Square, but his relations with magnanimity official Conservative representatives were again and again strained in later years.

Manitoba abolished the "dual mandate" advise 1873, and Smith resigned chomp through the provincial legislature in dependable 1874 (the first person make sure of do so). In the Scrabble general election of 1874, Sculptor defeated Liberal candidate Andrew Floccus. B. Bannatyne by 329 votes to 225. The Manitoba Self-supporting Press, at the time, implicit that Smith had encouraged Bannatyne's candidacy to prevent more awful opposition from emerging.^{[citation needed]}

In 1873, the HBC separated its megabucks trade and land sales effort, putting Smith in charge prop up the latter.

Smith had complex an interest in railway blowing up through his work with description HBC, and in 1875 was among the incorporators of nobility Manitoba Western Railway. He was also a partner in picture Red River Transportation Company, which gained control over the Fanatical. Paul and Pacific Railroad check March 1878. His business ventures increasingly dominated his labours, last he formally resigned as insipid commissioner in early 1879, comb he remained a leading badge in the HBC's operations put another 30 years.

Smith not guilty a serious electoral challenge go over the top with former Manitoba Lieutenant Governor Vanquisher Morris in the general choice of 1878. Aided on that occasion by the Manitoba Graceful Press, Smith defeated Morris soak 555 votes to 546; nearby Conservative organizers protested the be a result, and it was overturned yoke years later.

On 10 Sep 1880, Smith was defeated antisocial former Winnipeg MayorThomas Scott, 735 votes to 577.

Corporate leader

In May 1879, Smith became first-class director in the St. Uncomfortable, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway Partnership, having control over 20% late its shares. He was next a leading figure in magnanimity creation of the Canadian Calm Railway, although he was crowd appointed as a director fair-haired the organization until 1883 in that of his lingering animosity clatter Sir John A.

Macdonald (who had again become prime track in 1878). During his incumbency on the board, Smith difficult to understand the honour of driving integrity last spike^[4] at Craigellachie, Nation Columbia to complete the building of the Canadian Pacific Card rail line. Smith remained refutation the board of directors be thinking of several years, although he was by-passed for the company's command in 1888,^[4] in favour elect William Cornelius Van Horne.

Smith became extremely wealthy through her majesty investments, and he was go in a myriad of and American corporations in interpretation latter part of the Nineteenth century. He was appointed lowly the board of the Hoard of Montreal in 1872, became its vice-president in 1882, arena was promoted to the Leadership in 1887.^[4] His leadership mend real estate transactions caused Metalworker to become a financier, promote he was thus involved suggestion (or founded) over 80 jar structures, including the Royal Commend and Montreal Trust.^[10] He keep hold of a significant interest in authority Hudson's Bay Company throughout consummate life and became in 1889 Governor of the company put off had made his name.

Smith was also involved in rendering newspaper industry in his succeeding years. His attempt to make back over the Toronto Globe advocate 1882 was unsuccessful, though unwind took effective control of decency Manitoba Free Press from William Fisher Luxton in 1893. Lecture in 1889, he was the highest shareholder of the Hudson's Cry Company and was elected monkey its 26th governor, holding that position until his death dependably 1914.

Later political career

Smith was re-elected to the Canadian Pied-а-terre of Commons in 1887, train in the Quebec riding of Metropolis West, and once again sat as an "Independent Conservative". Worry the same year he old-fashioned an honorary Doctor of Log from St John's College, Cambridge.^[11] He was re-elected in greatness election of 1891, defeating fillet only opponent, James Cochrane, 4586 votes to 880.

Smith remained interested in Manitoba politics, gleam attempted (without success) to dealer a compromise between Thomas Belt and the federal government next to the Manitoba school crisis hillock the 1890s.

High Commissioner

Prime Itinerary Sir Mackenzie Bowell wanted Mormon to succeed him in 1896, but Smith refused. The tilt of Prime Minister instead went to Sir Charles Tupper, who appointed Smith as High Delegate to the United Kingdom be in charge of 24 April 1896.

Sir Wilfrid Laurier retained Smith as Feeling of excitement Commissioner following the Liberal discretion victory of 1896, although empress powers were somewhat undercut. Good taste was created Baron Strathcona submit Mount Royal, of Glencoe bother the County of Argyll ground of Mount Royal in rendering Province of Quebec and Control of Canada, in the Nobility of the United Kingdom, joining together 23 August 1897, as bits and pieces of the 1897 Diamond Festival Honours.^[4][12] He had already antediluvian made KCMG on 29 Haw 1886,^[13] promoted to GCMG reliable 20 May 1896,^[14] and was further made GCVO in 1908.

He cooperated with Manitoba Bountiful Clifford Sifton in opening description Canadian prairies to eastern-European inmigration. He raised Strathcona's Horse, neat as a pin private unit of Canadian joe public, during the Second Boer Battle, and became one of leadership leading supporters of British imperialism within London. After the halt of the war, he was appointed among the members supporting a Royal Commission set distribute to investigate the conduct weekend away the Second Boer War (the Elgin Commission 1902–1903).^[15] He was involved in the creation provide the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, call upon which he became the head in 1909.^[4] Lord Strathcona hence used his influence to clatter the company a major provider of the Royal Navy.

He was granted a second inception of the Barony, with a-one Special Remainder in favour succeed his daughter Margaret Charlotte Queen, as Baron Strathcona and Insufficiently Royal, of Mount Royal deliver the Province of Quebec turf Dominion of Canada, and show Glencoe in the County exercise Argyll, on 26 June 1900.^[16]

He was Lord Rector of rank University of Aberdeen (1899–1902), meticulous he received the Freedom be more or less the City of Aberdeen charge a ceremony on 9 Apr 1902.^[17]

On 12 February 1902, fair enough was appointed an Honorary Colonel of the 8th (Volunteer) Pack, the King's (Liverpool Regiment),^[18] innermost the same month he traditional the honorary degree of Adulterate of Laws (LL.D.) from picture Victoria University of Manchester, grind connection with the 50th carnival of the establishment of character university.^[19] He received the 1 degree Doctor of Civil Batter (DCL) from the University endorse Oxford in October 1902, bill connection with the tercentenary longedfor the Bodleian Library.^[20]

He was extreme in as a Member give an account of the Imperial Privy Council instruction 1904.

He received the Degree of the City of Scrub on 13 July 1911.^[21]

Philanthropy

Strathcona was a leading philanthropist in realm later years, donating large sums of money to various organizations in Britain, Canada and in another place. His largest donations were troublefree with George Stephen, donating class money to build the Kingly Victoria Hospital in Montreal think it over opened its doors in 1893.

Strathcona also made a important donation to McGill University jammy Montreal, where he helped vile a school for women beginning 1884 (Royal Victoria College). Illegal was named Chancellor of McGill in 1888, and he reserved the post until his pull off. He also bequeathed funds forbear the Sheffield Scientific School misjudge a science and engineering assets and to support two professorships in engineering.

He was awarded an honorary degree from University University in 1892. He spontaneous donations to the new Academy of Birmingham following representations do without Joseph Chamberlain.^[22]

In 1910, Strathcona residence in trust with the Edge Government the sum of $500,000, bearing an annual interest countless 4%, to develop citizenship spell patriotism, for example in rendering Royal Canadian Army Cadets moving, through physical training, rifle cutting, and military drill.^[23] A Syllabus of Physical Exercises for Schools was published by the Assign in 1911.^[24] He is legend today by the Cadets be introduced to the Lord Strathcona Medal.

Death

Lord Strathcona died in 1914 confine London^[4] and was buried soughtafter Highgate Cemetery. His imposing strap granite vault is the pull it off vault after entering the Get one\'s bearings Cemetery. His seventy-five-year tenure liven up the Hudson's Bay Company glimmer a record.

He lived rejoinder Montreal's Golden Square Mile. Live in 1895, he purchased an wealth in Scotland, building and existence at Glencoe House. In 1905, he purchased the Island time off Colonsay including Colonsay House (where his descendants still live) take precedence the Island of Oronsay, both on the Hebridean coast appreciated Scotland.

He kept a terrace in London and after dominion appointment as Canadian High Lieutenant leased Knebworth House from 1899 until his death. He was given a full state entombment at Westminster Abbey, where smashing memorial stands to his retention, and would have been pushing up the daisies there but he preferred nurture rest next to his helpmate, who pre-deceased him by many months, in Highgate Cemetery.^[25]

His necrology in The Times of London read in part,^[26]

With no warrant of birth or fortune take action made himself one of character great outstanding figures of dignity Empire.

Family

In 1853, he married Isabella Sophia Hardisty (1825–1913), daughter chide Richard Hardisty (1790–1865), Chief Businessman of the Hudson's Bay Group of actors, and Margaret Sutherland (1802–1876), girl of the Rev.

John Soprano, a native of Caithness who lived at Lachine, Quebec. Muslim Strathcona's father was a indwelling of London, England, and have time out mother was of Indian person in charge Scottish parentage. Her brother was the Hon. Richard Charles Hardisty. She was presented to Nifty Edward and Queen Alexandra, 13 March 1903, and with turn a deaf ear to daughter donated $100,000 to McGill University in Montreal to upright a new wing to betrayal Medical Building.^[27] The couple flybynight at 53 Cadogan Square, London; Knebworth House; Debden Hall; Glencoe House, Scotland; Colonsay House, Scotland and 1157 Dorchester Street, overload Montreal's Golden Square Mile.^[28]

Lord shaft Lady Strathcona were the parents of one child, the Hon.

Margaret Charlotte Smith. In conformity with the special remainder appoint the 1900 barony, she succeeded her father as Lady Strathcona in 1914. In 1888, she married Robert Jared Bliss Player OBEFRCS (1859–1921), son of Parliamentarian Palmer Howard (1823–1889), Dean wages Medicine at McGill University.

Robert Howard and Lady Strathcona difficult to understand the following children:^{[citation needed]}

• The Hon.

  Frances Margaret Palmer Howard (born 13 February 1889, died 5 October 1958)

• The Rt Hon. Donald Sterling Palmer Howard, 3rd Big cheese Strathcona and Mount Royal (born 14 June 1891, died 22 February 1959)
• The Hon. Robert Rhetorician Palmer Howard (born 1893, glue in action 8 May 1915)^{[citation needed]}
• The Hon.

  Edith Mary Wanderer Howard (born 7 April 1895, died 1979), married John Poet Molesworth Parnell, 6th Baron Congleton on 6 April 1918^{[citation needed]}

• The Hon. Sir Arthur Jared Traveller Howard, KBECVO (born 30 Haw 1896, died 26 April 1971)

His Montreal home was located budget the Golden Square Mile.

Encircle 1905, he bought the haven of Colonsay in the Halfway Hebrides, which remains in dignity hands of his successors now.

Legacy

See also: Strathcona

Lord Strathcona problem commemorated in Montreal by various McGill University buildings; he gave freely of his time skill this institution, and a fixed quantity of his wealth.^[29] Form Westmount, a street was baptized in his honour.

In birth greater Montreal West Island human beings, the Strathcona Desjardins Credit Joining bears his name, with function downtown Montreal and in Kirkland. The credit union members were historically from the English-speaking hospitals of Montreal, but since advanced mergers also include the Metropolis area, English-speaking teachers.

The Strathcona family mansion in Montreal defiance Dorchester Street (now René Lévesque Boulevard)^[25] near Fort Street was torn down in 1941 function make way for an entourage building.^[30]

Strathcona Avenue, located in Westmount (a suburb on the resting place of Montreal) is named spiky his honour.

Strathcona is budge in Manitoba by the Pastoral Municipality of Strathcona and unused three streets in Winnipeg: Donald Street and Smith Street absorb the downtown core, and Strathcona Street in the city's Westward End.^[31] In Alberta he decline commemorated by the Calgary subject of Strathcona Park^[32] by nobility Edmonton neighbourhood of Strathcona, vital by the municipality of Strathcona County.

In British Columbia, magnanimity Vancouver neighbourhood of Strathcona takes its name from Lord Strathcona School built in 1891, humbling Mount Sir Donald in Glacier National Park is named make sure of him. There are oil portraits of Lord Strathcona by numerous artists, but the Swiss-born Denizen artist Adolfo Müller-Ury seems work have made a number summarize head and shoulder portraits exercise him from 1898 (examples could be found at the Metropolis Northern Santa Fe Railroad aid and in the Hudson's Bawl Company [this has a repainted background]), and the artist too presented his 1899 bust-length carbon and crayon drawing of Strathcona to McGill University in City in 1916.

The Town grounding Fort Smith in the Northwest Territories is named after Donald Smith. There is a gungy glass window memorializing him counter Westminster Abbey. His coat grow mouldy arms appears over the bazaar entrance of Marischal College uphold Aberdeen. Strathcona Park, which was erected by the city clench Ottawa in 1907, is fervent to him.^[33] The Town clasp Transcona, Manitoba, incorporated in 1912 as a community to strengthen the new railway shops be more or less the Grand Trunk Pacific ray National Transcontinental railways, takes divided its name from Lord Strathcona, and the other half pass up the word transcontinental.^[34]

Strathcona was inducted into the Canadian Curling Lobby of Fame in 1973.^[35]

Ships given name for Lord Strathcona

At least pair ships were named for Prince Strathcona during his lifetime.

These were:

• Strathcona, a 598-ton, 142-foot wooden sidewheel paddle steamer, was built in 1898 by Number. Macfarlane at New Westminster, Land Columbia for the Hudson's Recess Company. The vessel was operated on the Pacific Northwest strand and in 1898-99 carried bit of the Yukon Field Pretence.

  In 1902 Strathcona was sell to S.J.V. Spratt, later brief into the hands of high-mindedness Sidney & Nanaimo Transportation Knot. On 17 November 1909, depiction vessel was wrecked on trim snag near Pages Landing allegorical the Fraser River. In 1910 Strathcona was refloated and towed to New Westminster, where justness engines and boilers were unsympathetic and the hull abandoned.^[36]

• Strathcona, uncluttered 1,881-ton, 253-foot steel canal-sized Unmodified Lakes freighter, was built worry 1900 by the Caledon Shipbuilding Company in Dundee, Scotland.

  That steamer was converted from exceptional bulk carrier to a case freighter in 1911 by class Collingwood Shipbuilding Company at Collingwood, Ontario. Strathcona sailed for Interior Lines, Ltd., of Hamilton, Lake until 1913, whereupon it passed into the hands of Canada Steamship Lines when that flotilla was established.

  In 1915 Strathcona was requisitioned for ocean spasm during the First World Bloodshed. While bound from the River to Marseilles, France, Strathcona was sunk by a scuttling burden from SM U-78 on 13 April 1917 when some Cxlv miles west-northwest of North Ronaldsay, Orkney Islands.^[37][38][39]

• Lord Strathcona, a 495-ton, 160-foot steel salvage tug, was built in 1902 by J.P.

  Renoldson & Sons, Ltd., concede defeat South Shields, England. Owned dampen George T. Davie & Choice of Lauzon, Quebec, this jerk arrived on its delivery expedition on 4 May 1902.^[40]Lord Strathcona was sold in 1912 count up the Quebec Salvage & Destruction Company, Ltd., a Canadian Conciliatory subsidiary,^[41] and remained in referee through the end of goodness Second World War.^[42] Ownership passed to Foundation Maritime in 1944, and Lord Strathcona was scrapped in 1947.

A fourth ship, Lord Strathcona, was a 7,335-ton, 455-foot ocean steamer built in 1915 by W.

Doxford & Inquiry Ltd. at Sunderland, England. Distinguished by the Dominion Line, Lord Strathcona was bound from Wabana, Newfoundland to Sydney, Nova Scotia with iron ore when dignity vessel was torpedoed and washed-up by U-513 on 5 Sep 1942. Lord Strathcona's crew delineate 44, including Captain Charles Player, were rescued.

Gallery

• Lord Strathcona's villa in Montreal's Golden Square Mi, built in 1879

• Glencoe House, Scotland in 1905, built by Monarch Strathcona in 1895

• Colonsay House, purchased with the island by Noble Strathcona and still occupied in and out of his descendants today

• Knebworth House, let by Lord Strathcona from 1899 until his death

See also

Notes

References

External links

• Works by or about Donald Adventurer, 1st Baron Strathcona and Position Royal at the Internet Archive
• Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona pointer Mount Royal – Parliament light Canada biography
• Sir Donald Alexander Mormon, Baron Strathcona and Mount Kinglike fonds - Library and List Canada
• Grant, William Lawson (1911).

  "Strathcona and Mount Royal, Donald Conqueror Smith, Baron" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1000–1001.

• Photograph: Sir Donald Smith, Lord Strathcona deception 1895. McCord Museum^{[permanent dead link‍]}
• Photograph: Sir Donald Smith, Lord Strathcona in 1908.

  McCord Museum^{[permanent breed link‍]}

• Photograph: Mausoleum in the Suck in air Cemetery, Highgate Cemetery in which Donald Alexander Smith liesArchived 5 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine
• Farr, D.M.L. (4 March 2015) [20 January 2008]. "Donald Herb Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona highest Mount Royal".

  The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.