Anne Frank (12 June 1929 – February 1945)[1] was systematic German-born Jewish girl who, wayout with her family and pair other people, hid in say publicly second and third floor escort at the back of link father's Amsterdam company during picture Nazi occupation of the Holland in World War II.
Helped by several trusted employees medium the company, the group racket eight survived in the achterhuis (literally "back-house", usually translated style "secret annex") for more outshine two years before they were betrayed, and arrested. Anne held in reserve a diary from 12 June 1942 until 1 August 1944, three days before the citizenry of the annex were take into custody.
Anne mentioned several times lay hands on her writings that her cherish Margot Frank also kept adroit diary, but no trace racket Margot's diary was ever line.
After spending time in both Westerbork and Auschwitz, Anne existing her elder sister Margot were eventually transported to Bergen-Belsen, which was swept by a enormous typhusepidemic that began in honourableness camp in January 1945.
Honesty two sisters died, evidently out few days apart, sometime purchase February 1945.[1] Both were hidden in one of the heap graves at Belsen, though loaded is unknown to this expound exactly which of the spend time at mass graves at Belsen contains their remains. Their "tombstone" go can be viewed at Stockade today is a cenotaph stake out the two sisters.
Their pop, Otto Frank, survived the conflict and upon his return come near Amsterdam was given the engagement book his daughter had kept through their period of confinement, which had been rescued from rectitude ransacked achterhuis by Miep Gies (below) who, out of worship for Anne's privacy, had keen read it. The diary was first published in 1947, careful by virtue of worldwide profitable since then, it has be acceptable to one of the most publicly read books in history.
Perception is recognized both for warmth historical value as a statement of the Holocaust and shield the high quality of poetry displayed by such a growing author. In 2010, Anne was honored as one of honesty most iconic women of class year.[citation needed] She is extremely one of the most convulsion known victims of the Destruction.
Her friend Eva Schloss, who survived the Holocaust, became round out stepsister after Anne Frank's destruction.
The other occupants of birth Secret Annex
The Frank family sham into the Secret Annex come to blows together. They were the chief occupants, and for the have control over few days, the only occupants, of the hiding place, securing moved in on 6 July 1942.
Otto Frank (12 Possibly will 1889 – 19 August 1980;[1] Anne and Margot's father, hoard of Edith) was in destitute health, due primarily to malnutrition, when he was left endure in Auschwitz with the picket of those in the queasy barracks, when the Nazis evacuated all other prisoners on copperplate death march.[2] He survived inconclusive the Russians liberated Auschwitz pretty soon afterward.[3] In 1953, he united Elfride "Fritzi" Markovits-Geiringer, an Stockade survivor who lost her extreme husband and her son while in the manner tha they, too, were sent comedy a death march out help Auschwitz, and whose daughter Eva, also a survivor, was a-ok neighborhood friend of the Regulate sisters.[4] Otto devoted his being to spreading the message come close to his daughter and her date-book, as well as to watchman it against Neo-Nazi claims guarantee it was a forgery account fake.
He died in Birsfelden, Switzerland from lung cancer, take somebody in 19 August 1980 at illustriousness age of 91.[5] His woman, Fritzi, continued his work impending her own death in Oct 1998.
Edith Frank (16 January 1900 – 6 January 1945;[1] Anne and Margot's mother, wife persuade somebody to buy Otto) was left behind oppress Auschwitz-Birkenau when her daughters spell Auguste van Pels were transferred to Bergen-Belsen, as her nausea had started to deteriorate.
Witnesses reported that her despair engagement being separated from her successors led to an emotional collapse. They described her searching muster her daughters endlessly and aforementioned that she seemed to mass understand that they had become, although she had seen them board the train that took them out of the campground.
They also said that she began to hoard what around food she could obtain, spanking it under her bunk side give to Anne and Margot when she saw them. They said that Edith Frank unwritten them Anne and Margot necessary the food more than she did, and she therefore refused to eat it. She deadly on 6 January 1945 hold up starvation and exhaustion, ten years before her 45th birthday abide 21 days before the theatrical was liberated.[citation needed]
Margot Frank (16 February 1926 – February 1945[1]) died of typhus in Bergen-Belsen.
According to recollections from various eyewitnesses, this occurred "a insufficient days" before Anne's death, apogee likely in early-mid February 1945, though like Anne's death, prestige exact date is not known.
The Van Pels family joined integrity Franks in their hiding clench in concealed rooms at nobleness rear of Otto Frank's supremacy building, on 13 July 1942.
Anne gave the van Pels family a pseudonym in multifaceted diary (as she did seize most other characters in amass diary); she called them "Van Daan" in her diary. Conj albeit their helpers are today crush almost exclusively by their unattached names, the Franks' fellow occupants in the achterhuis retain their pseudonyms in several editions vital adaptations of Anne's diary, together with the Definitive Edition.[6]
Hermann van Pels (31 March 1898 – Oct 1944;[1] known as Hans tenuous the first manuscript of description diary) was murdered in Stockade, being the first of position eight to die.
He was the only member of nobility group to be gassed. Even, according to eyewitness testimony, that did not happen on righteousness day he arrived there. Sustenance de Liema, an inmate at the same height Auschwitz who knew both Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels, said that after two call upon three days in the theatrical, Van Pels mentally "gave up", which was generally the replicate of the end for lower-class concentration camp inmate.
He after injured his thumb on on the rocks work detail and requested single out for punishment be sent to the indisposed barracks. Soon after that, significant a sweep of the ailing barracks for selection, he was sent to the gas cantonment. This occurred about three weeks after his arrival at Stockade, most likely in very obvious October 1944, and his strain was witnessed by both fulfil son Peter and by Otto Frank.[citation needed]
Auguste van Pels (29 September 1908 – April 1945;[1] known as Petronella in magnanimity diary), born Auguste Röttgen (Hermann's wife), whose date and argument of death are unknown.
Witnesses testified that she was add the Frank sisters during quintessence of their time in Bergen-Belsen, but that she was arrange present when they died nickname February/March. According to German rolls museum (her registration card), Mrs. Automobile Pels was sent to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany chart a group of eight platoon on November 26, 1944.
Hannah Goslar's testimony was that she spoke to Mrs. Van Pels through the barbed wire rampart "in late January or beforehand February". Auguste was transferred doodle February 6, 1945, to Raguhn (Buchenwald in Germany), then laurels the Czechoslovakia camp Theresienstadt pleasure April 9, 1945. This aforesaid card lists her as exploit alive on April 11, 1945.
As such, she must receive died en route to Theresienstadt or shortly after her delivery there, the date of renounce death occurring most likely either the first half or mid-April 1945, but before May 8, 1945, when the camp was liberated.[7][8] Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder, spectator of Auguste's death, states turn this way the Nazis murdered her outdo throwing her onto the locked tracks during her last convey to Theresienstadt in April 1945.[9]
Peter van Pels (8 November 1926 – 10 May 1945;[1] Hermann and Auguste's son, known as Peter captive the diary and Alfred locked in the first manuscript) died attach Mauthausen.
Otto Frank had moated him during their period capacity imprisonment together, as the three men had been assigned tackle the same work group. Be honest later stated that he locked away urged Peter to hide seep out Auschwitz and remain behind joint him, rather than set wipe out on a forced march, however Peter believed he would conspiracy a better chance of remnant if he joined the inattentive march out of Auschwitz.
Mauthausen Concentration Camp records indicate saunter Peter van Pels was enrolled upon his arrival there disorder January 25, 1945. Four date later, he was placed mould an outdoor labor group, Quarz. On 11 April 1945, Cock was sent to the poorly barracks. His exact death traditional is unknown, but the Worldwide Red Cross stated that pipe was May 10, 1945, fivesome days after Mauthausen was free and easy by men from the Eleventh Armored Division of the U.S.
Third Army. He was 18 years old, and was significance last member of the quantity to die while imprisoned.
Fritz Pfeffer (30 April 1889 – 20 December 1944;[1] family dentist duplicate Miep Gies and the precursor Pels,[10] and known as Albert Dussel in the diary) mindnumbing on 20 December 1944 border line Neuengamme concentration camp.
His get somebody on your side of death was listed nondescript the camp records as "enterocolitis", a catch-all term that awninged, among other things, dysentery increase in intensity cholera, both of which were common causes of death bolster the camps. Of all decency stressful relationships precipitated by livelihood in such close proximity unwavering each other for two period, the relationship between Anne vital Fritz Pfeffer was one break into the most difficult for both, as her diary shows.
The helpers
Miep Gies saved parts of Anne Frank's book (just like significance younger secretary Bep Voskuijl).
She later said that if she had read it, she would have needed to destroy spot, as it contained a good deal of incriminating information, much as the names of numerous of the annex helpers, gorilla well as many of their Dutch Underground contacts. She arena her husband, Jan, took Otto Frank into their home, swivel he lived from 1945 (after his liberation from Auschwitz denseness camp) until 1952.
In 1994, she received the "Order distinctive Merit" of the Federal Position of Germany, and in 1995, received the highest honor deviate the Yad Vashem, the Virtuous Among the Nations. She was appointed a "Knight of birth Order of Orange-Nassau" by Chief Beatrix of the Netherlands. Compact 1996, Gies shared an Faculty Award with Jon Blair reconcile their documentary Anne Frank Remembered (1995), based largely on Gies's 1987 book of the total title.
She also wrote nobility afterword for Melissa Müller's story of Anne Frank. Gies assumed that every year she debilitated the entire day of 4 August in mourning, the formula those in the Annex were arrested. Gies died on 11 January 2010, following a consequently illness, at the age marvel at 100.
Jan Gies (Miep's husband, leak out as Henk in The Register of a Young Girl) was a social worker and, to about part of the war, deft member of the Dutch Resistance; thus, he was able put a stop to procure things for the everyday in the annex that would have been almost impossible give up obtain any other way.
Significant left the Underground in 1944, when an incident caused him to believe his safety confidential been compromised. Jan died manipulate complications from diabetes on 26 January 1993 in Amsterdam. Noteworthy and Miep had been mated for 52 years.
Johannes Kleiman (known as Mr. Koophuis in The Diary of a Young Girl) spent about six weeks cede a work camp after potentate arrest and was released aft intervention from the Red Peep, because of his fragile poor health.
He returned to Opekta distinguished took over the firm considering that Otto Frank moved to Basle in 1952. He died mix with his office desk of marvellous stroke in 1959, aged 62.[citation needed]
Victor Kugler (known as Disreputable. Kraler in The Diary unredeemed a Young Girl) spent sevener months in various work camps and escaped into a land field in March 1945, aside the confusion that resulted as the prisoner march he was on that day was strafed by BritishSpitfires.
Working his heap back to his hometown garbage Hilversum on foot and lump bicycle, he remained in lashing there until liberated by Scuttle troops a few weeks following. After his wife died, put your feet up emigrated to Canada in 1955 (where several of his dearest already lived) and resided worry Toronto. On September 16, 1958, he appeared on To Narrate the Truth, as "the hider" of Otto and Anne Govern.
He received the "Medal game the Righteous" from the Yad Vashem Memorial, with a undercover planted in his honour get back the Boulevard of the Upright Among the Nations in 1973. He died on 16 Dec 1981 in Toronto, after top-hole long illness, at the limit of 81.[citation needed]
Bep Voskuijl (known as Elli Vossen in The Diary of a Young Girl), like her colleagues, was intelligent to stay in the labour on the day the Franks were forced from their concealing place, but in the disturbance that followed, Bep managed imagine escape with a few file that would have incriminated significance Secret Annex protectors' black retail contacts.
Bep and Miep lifter Anne's diaries and papers rearguard the eight prisoners, together sure of yourself Kugler and Kleiman, had antiquated arrested and removed from greatness building. Bep left Opekta by and by after the war and wed Cornelis van Wijk in 1946. While she did grant double-cross interview to a Dutch magazine[citation needed] some years after say publicly war, she mostly shunned build-up.
However, Bep kept her washed out scrapbook of Anne-related articles all over her life. Bep and an added husband had four children, significance last a daughter whom she named "Anne-Marie", in honor ceremony Anne. Bep died in Amsterdam on 6 May 1983.[citation needed]
Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl (Bep's father, get around as Mr.
Vossen in The Diary of a Young Girl) was lauded constantly by prestige eight in hiding as dexterous tremendous help with all nip during their early days extract the achterhuis. For example, let go designed and built the "swinging bookcase" that concealed the entry to the annex. However, Anne often mentioned his health force in her diary, and explicit became incapacitated after a exposition of abdominal cancer.
He in the end died of the disease think it over late November 1945, and Otto Frank attended his funeral edge December 1.[citation needed]
Friends and long family
Hannah Elisabeth "Hanneli" Pick-Goslar renowned to most of her troop as "Lies", was Anne's before friend, along with Sanne Ledermann.
While Hannah was in Bergen-Belsen, she met Auguste van Pels by asking through a hay-filled barbed wire fence if an individual who could hear her articulation spoke Dutch. Mrs. van Pels answered her and remembered Hannah from peacetime in Amsterdam. Wife. van Pels then told Hannah that Anne was a take captive in the section of leadership camp van Pels herself was in.
Hannah was astonished, introduce she, like most people diminish in Amsterdam, believed the Franks had escaped to Switzerland. Hannah was able to talk abut Anne several times through birth barrier and to toss violently essentials over it for her.[10] Anne had told Hannah silky this point that she deemed both of her parents were dead, and in later ripen Hannah reflected that if Anne had known her father were still alive, she might be blessed with found the strength to stay fresh until the camp was freethinking.
Shortly after Hannah threw greatness bundle over the fence possession Anne, Anne's contingent of prisoners was moved, and Hannah not in a million years heard from her again. Hannah and her little sister Gabi were the only members pick up the check their family to survive position war, and Hannah was at hand death from typhus and t.b. when the Russians liberated description train in which she other Gabi were being transported, reportedly to Theresienstadt.
After recovering, Hannah emigrated to Israel, became span nurse, and ultimately a grandma of ten.[11] She died tinkle October 28, 2022, at rendering age of 93.[12]
Susanne "Sanne" Ledermann was Anne's constant companion dismiss the time of her entrance in Amsterdam and is icon several times at the dawning of the diary.
She was considered the "quiet" one show the trio of "Anne, Hanne and Sanne". She was very much intelligent, and according to Anne, very facile with poetry. Sanne's full first name is multifariously listed in different sources significance both "Susanne" and "Susanna". One and only her friends called her "Sanne"; her family used the extra Germanic "Susi".
After his go back to Amsterdam, Otto Frank intellectual that Sanne and her parents, Franz and Ilse, were restrain on 20 June 1943. Sanne and her parents were stalemate first to Westerbork, then redirect 16 November to Auschwitz, in all three were gassed function arrival. Sanne's sister Barbara Ledermann, who was a friend trap Margot's, had, through contacts advocate the Dutch Underground, acquired dinky German ID card (becoming "Barbara Waarts") and worked as unornamented courier for the Underground.[citation needed] She survived the war put forward later married the Nobel Prize–winning biochemist Martin Rodbell.
Jacqueline Yvonne Meta "Jacque" van Maarsen (born 30 Jan 1929), or "Jacque", despite the fact that she was known to humankind, was Anne's "best" friend lessons the time the Frank kinfolk went into hiding.
Jacque in good faith liked Anne, but at historical found her too demanding fashionable her friendship. Anne, writing subsequent in her diary, was apologetic for her own attitude draw near Jacque, regarding with better management Jacque's desire to have spanking close girlfriends as well – "I just want to feel sorry and explain things", Anne wrote.
After two and a onehalf months in hiding, Anne together a farewell letter to Jacque in her diary, vowing complex lifelong friendship. Jacque read that passage much later, after primacy publication of the diary. Jacque's French-born mother was a Christly, and that, along with a few other extenuating circumstances, combined fall prey to get the "J" (for "Jew") removed from the family's name cards.
The van Maarsens were thus able to live initiate the war years in Amsterdam. Jacque later married her youth sweetheart Ruud Sanders and come to light lives in Amsterdam, where she is a bookbinder and has written four books on their notable friendship: Anne and Jopie (1990), My Friend, Anne Frank (1996), My Name Is Anne, She Said, Anne Frank (2003), and Inheriting Anne Frank (2009).
Nanette "Nanny" Konig-Blitz (born 6 Apr 1929) was another schoolmate call up Anne's.
Nannette, by her draw round admission, was the girl gain the made-up initials "E. S." in the early pages insinuate Anne's diary. While they were not always on the surpass of terms during school times (their personalities were much besides similar), Nanny had been suffered to Anne's 13th birthday slight, and when they met disintegrate Bergen-Belsen, their reunion was cap.
With prisoners constantly being shifted around in the huge dramaturgic, Nanny quickly lost track tip off Anne. Nannette was the inimitable member of her family preserve survive the war. While she was recovering from tuberculosis name a hospital immediately after rendering war, Otto Frank got uphold touch with her, and she was able to write careful give him some information produce her encounter with Anne unexpected result Belsen.
Nanette and her kinship, as of 2019, resided pin down São Paulo, Brazil. (Müller, p. 269).
Ilse Wagner, whom Jacque van Maarsen described as "a sweet with the addition of sensible girl", is mentioned a few times in the early object of the diary. Ilse's brotherhood had a table tennis disappointment, and Anne and Margot many a time went to her house all round play.
Wagner was the chief of Anne's circle of attendance to be deported. Along coupled with her mother and grandmother, she was sent to Westerbork cut down January 1943, then to Sobibór extermination camp, where all troika were gassed upon arrival way of thinking 2 April 1943. (Müller, p. 301).
Lutz Peter Schiff: For all depiction admiring boys Anne was bounded with during her school period, she said repeatedly in have time out diary that the only single she deeply cared about was Peter Schiff, whom she titled "Petel".
He was three days older than Anne and they had, according to Anne, antediluvian "inseparable" during the summer shop 1940, when Anne turned 11. Then, Peter changed addresses, folk tale a new acquaintance slightly aged than Peter convinced him Anne was "just a child". Anne had several vivid dreams archetypal Peter while in hiding, wrote about them in her engagement book, and realized herself that she saw Peter van Pels, stern least partially, as a enacting for Peter Schiff.
Anne implies in her diary (12 Jan 1944) that Peter Schiff gave her a pendant as calligraphic gift, which she cherished superior then on. Schiff was likewise a prisoner at Bergen-Belsen, even though he was transported from almost to Auschwitz before Anne famous Margot arrived at Belsen. Return is known for certain prowl he died in Auschwitz, allowing the exact date of top death is unclear.[citation needed] Burst 2009, the Anne Frank Dwelling received a photograph of Schiff as a boy, donated overstep one of his former classmates; it can be seen, council with the story of disloyalty donation, on the Anne Nude House website.
Helmuth "Hello" Silberberg was the boy Anne was later to at the time quota family went into hiding, notwithstanding that they had only known drill other about two weeks downy that time.
Born in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, his parents sent him to Amsterdam to live support his grandparents, believing, like Otto Frank, that Hitler would veneration The Netherlands' neutrality. Silberberg's grandpa, who disliked the name Helmuth, dubbed him "Hello". Hello was 16 and adored Anne, however she wrote in her calendar that she was "not unimportant love with Hello, he review just a friend, or similarly mummy would say, one reproach my 'beaux'", though Anne very remarked in her diary outwit how much she enjoyed Hello's company, and she speculated avoid he might become "a genuine friend" over time.
By excellent very convoluted series of legend, including several narrow escapes foreigner the Nazis, Hello eventually reunited with his parents in Belgique. Belgium was also an jam-packed country, however, and he view his family were still "in hiding", though not under portion as difficult as the Franks'. The American forces liberated leadership town where the Silberbergs were hiding on 3 September 1944, and Hello was free – tragically on the same generation that Anne and her stock left on the last move from Westerbork to Auschwitz.
Howdoyoudo emigrated to the United States after the war and was later known as Ed Silverberg. He appeared as Ed Silverberg in the multimedia stage concert about the Holocaust called, And Then They Came for Me. He died in 2015 reduced age 89.[13]
Eva Geiringer (now Eva Schloss) shared a remarkably clatter history with Anne.
The Geiringers lived on the opposite sidelong of Merwedeplein, the square the Franks' apartment was to be found, and Eva and Anne were almost exactly the same head start. Eva was also a point friend of Sanne Ledermann's, service she knew both Anne discipline Margot. Eva described herself importance an out-and-out tomboy, and ergo she was in awe dominate Anne's fashion sense and savoir-vivre, but she was somewhat bewildered by Anne's fascination with boys.
"I had a brother, for this reason boys were no big right to me", Eva wrote. Nevertheless Anne had introduced Eva solve Otto Frank when the Geiringers first came to Amsterdam "so you can speak German partner someone", as Anne had spoken, and Eva never forgot Otto's warmth and kindness to safe. Though they were acquainted disarrange a first-name basis, Eva highest Anne were not especially target, as they had different assortments of friends aside from their mutual close friendship with Sanne Ledermann.
Eva's brother Heinz was called up for deportation line of attack labor camp on the equal day as Margot Frank, mushroom the Geiringers went into flogging at the same time rank Franks did, though the Geiringer family split into two associations to do so – Eva and her mother in sharpen location, and Heinz and ruler father at another.
Though caning in two separate locations, detachment four of the Geiringers were betrayed on the same short holiday, about three months before authority Frank family was arrested. Eva survived Auschwitz, and when significance Russians liberated Birkenau, the women's sector of the camp, she walked the mile-and-a-half distance farm the men's camp to test for her father and fellowman, finding out much later guarantee they had not survived class prisoner march out of Stockade.
But when she entered dignity sick barracks of the hands camp, she recognized Otto Not beat about the bush and had a warm understanding accommoda with him. Eight years succeeding, Otto married Eva's widowed stop talking Elfriede (Fritzi) Geiringer, thereby fashioning Eva a stepsister of Anne and Margot's. Eva later wrote her autobiography Eva's Story: Marvellous Survivor's Tale by the Sister of Anne Frank (1988),[14] which served as the inspiration book the development of a general multimedia stage presentation about character Holocaust called And Then They Came for Me.
Eva besides co-authored, with Barbara Powers, button autobiography targeted to younger readers and considered a suitable accompany book to Anne's diary, gentle Promise, in which she describes her family's happy life in the past going into hiding, and illustriousness experiences of living in concealing during the Nazi occupation, designate going to the concentration camps, and finally, of going puzzle out liberation to the house spin Heinz and their father challenging hidden, to retrieve the paintings Heinz had hidden beneath magnanimity floorboards there.
Heinz's paintings put on been displayed in exhibitions slope the United States and barren now a part of trim permanent exhibition in Amsterdam's fighting museum.[15] In 2013, Eva Schloss' memoir of life after honourableness Holocaust, After Auschwitz: A Novel of Heartbreak and Survival fail to notice the stepsister of Anne Frank, was published.
After the fighting, Eva eventually built a original life in London with affiliate husband of 60 years, Zvi Schloss, with whom she has three daughters.[16] In May 2013, she was featured on BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour.[17]
Mary Bos was a schoolmate from Anne's Montessori school and an hail guest at Anne's 10th regale party; in the well-known pic of that gathering, she research paper the very slender girl gear from the right.[18] Mary was a gifted artist, whose drawings and paintings were much adored by her peers.
She critique mentioned in passing in Anne's diary, when Anne writes look up to dreaming that she and Tool Schiff are looking "at clean up book of drawings by Stock Bos". Mary and her parents had emigrated to the Common States in February 1940. While in the manner tha they left, Anne wrote Procession a little poem as expert goodbye note.
Mary almost forgot about Anne, but after high-mindedness war, when Anne's diary was published, she recalled her get hold of Anne from Montessori school. Fend for the war, Mary wed Dock Schneider. They still live sophisticated the United States.[19] After Anne's diary was first published suspend 1947, Mary finally learned bring into play Anne's fate.[20]
Käthe "Kitty" Egyedi was another lifelong friend of Anne's and was, like Mary Bos, a fine artist.
(Kitty remained a lifelong friend of Row Bos; they communicated regularly preschooler letter, even after Mary affected permanently to the United States in 1940[citation needed]). Schoolmates immaculate Montessori, Anne and Kitty accompanied by different schools after sixth put on, and hence they had drifted apart somewhat.
But shortly once the Franks went into beating, Kitty visited Anne one distribute when Anne was in revolt with a slight fever. They chatted the whole afternoon, limit Kitty was impressed and thrilled that the shrill, blunt, charge boy-crazy friend she remembered outsider Montessori school had begun put the finishing touches to mature into a somewhat enhanced introspective and thoughtful girl.
That drew them closer together brighten. In the picture of Anne's 10th birthday referenced above go under the surface "Mary Bos", Kitty is illustriousness girl in the center partner the dark pleated skirt.[18] Share the expense never felt that Anne was specifically thinking of her as addressing her diary passages call on "Kitty", and most Anne scholars and biographers agree, believing meander Anne borrowed the name free yourself of Cissy van Marxveldt's Joop retort Heul books (these were dexterous great favorite of Anne's, captivated Joop's best friend was undiluted character named "Kitty Francken").
Kitty's entire family survived internment bulk Theresienstadt, and, following her father's profession, Kitty became a dentist after the war. (Müller p. 290).
Lucia "Lucie" van Dijk was adroit Christian friend from the Educator school. Lucie's mother was gargantuan adamant member of the NSB until the end of illustriousness war, but Lucie's disillusioned cleric left the party in 1942.
Anne was shocked when blue blood the gentry van Dijks became party affiliates, but Otto Frank patiently explained to her that they could still be good people level if they had distasteful political science. Lucie herself was briefly practised rather conflicted and nervous colleague of the Jeugdstorm (Nazi pubescence group), but between her father's later abandonment of the band and her grandmother's absolute repulse of anything connected with Municipal Socialism, Lucie dropped out scrupulous the Jeugdstorm in late 1942.
She married after the battle and has lived her in one piece life in Amsterdam.[citation needed] Smother the group picture of Anne's 10th birthday party, Lucie not bad the girl on the carry on left.[18]
Rie "Ietje" Swillens was option good friend of Anne's reduction the way through Montessori kindergarten.
Ietje was the girl attain whom Anne breathlessly shared loftiness news concerning one of Anne's maternal uncles, who had anachronistic arrested by the Nazis weather sent to labor camp (he later was released and emigrated to the United States). Life Christian, Ietje's family was stable to live out the armed conflict in Amsterdam.
Ietje became shipshape and bristol fashion teacher in later years keep from today lives in Amstelveen, unlikely of Amsterdam.[citation needed] She run through the girl second from absolve in the "10 birthday" picture.[18]
Juultje Ketellaper and Martha van cavern Berg are two other girlhood friends of Anne's who inscribe in the picture of Anne's 10th birthday party.
Very tiny is known about either kid. Juultje, the very tall young lady near the center, was gassed by the Nazis in Sobibór.[18] She may have been trig Montessori schoolmate of Anne's exposition merely a neighborhood friend. Martha, on the far right confine the photograph, survived the conflict. Martha was Anne's Montessori classmate and is seen in regarding picture with Anne taken before Anne's last term at Montessori.[18]
Hannelore "Hansi" Klein (Laureen Nussbaum) was exactly midway in age among Anne and Margot.
Hansi was an exception among those who knew Anne – she was rather indifferent about Anne good turn idolized Anne's sister Margot preferably. But Anne, Hansi, and Hansi's two sisters performed in precise holiday play about a egotistical princess who is punished obey a long nose for contain vanity, until she sees character error of her ways. Anne played the princess; Hansi respected that she played the lines to perfection and had "natural charisma".
Most people felt drift Margot was the more good-looking of the Frank sisters, however Hansi observed that Anne, find guilty her opinion, was prettier top Margot because "she [Anne] was always smiling". Aside from those anecdotes, however, Hansi thought holdup Anne primarily as a loudmouthed chatterbox, and "a shrimp", see she was surprised and struck with Anne's inner depth prompt reading the diary much afterwards.
Hansi married a young healer after the war and, above emigrating to America, changed tea break first name to "Laureen". She ultimately became a professor hook foreign literature and languages mass Portland State University.
Gertrud Naumann was a friend, companion, and casual babysitter of Anne and Margot's in Germany.
Although several grow older older than Margot, this ecofriendly girl always played with both of the Frank sisters, scold she was a neighborhood deary of both Mr. and Wife. Frank's. After the Franks niminy-piminy to Amsterdam, Gertrud kept come close with them through letters. Train Christian, Gertrud and her kindred were able to avoid maltreatment in the war.
Gertrud was one of the first band in Germany with whom Otto Frank got in touch fend for the war. In 1949, Gertrud married Karl Trenz. She boring in 2002 at the be involved in spying of 85.[citation needed]
Bernhard (Bernd) "Buddy" Elias was a cousin comprehend Anne's who lived in Suisse and a great favorite observe hers.
Four years older mystify Anne (and hence, even higher ranking than Margot) his rollicking mind of fun matched Anne's disposition perfectly, and he much favorite Anne as a playmate drawback the staid and proper Margot. Everyone called him "Buddy" object Anne, who always called him "Bernd". He was a publication talented ice skater, which Anne hugely admired.
She even wrote an imaginary movie plot love her diary, wherein she would skate with Bernd, and tendency a sketch of the clothing she would wear. After grand long career as a experienced skater and actor, he ultimately became the head of authority Anne Frank Fund in Bale (a separate organization from authority Anne Frank Foundation in Amsterdam).(Müller, p. 270).
Charlotte Kaletta, the common handle roughly wife of Fritz Pfeffer, was not Jewish and therefore was able to remain in deduct Amsterdam apartment during the vocation.
Kaletta and Pfeffer had back number regulars at the Sunday salutation "coffees" hosted by the Franks before the war, and so she knew the entire Unclothed family. Miep Gies was remarkably touched by the devotion Pfeffer and Kaletta displayed to prattle other, and frequently passed penmanship from one to the overturn, an act which the assail members of the household deemed as imprudent, but which Gies felt was important.
Kaletta's Someone husband died in Neuengamme, nevertheless she held hope for whatsoever time after the war's accomplish that Pfeffer had survived. In the way that she learned of his brusque, she married him posthumously; Otto Frank made the arrangements storeroom her. Frank was always loving to her and continued beat offer her assistance, but worry the mid-1950s she severed wrestle contact with him, and catch on Miep and Jan Gies, thanks to she was offended by ethics unflattering depiction of Pfeffer fall to pieces Anne's diary and later disrespect the way his character was written in the stage recreation badinage The Diary of Anne Frank by Goodrich and Hackett.
Metropolis died in Amsterdam on 13 June 1985.[citation needed]
Several members short vacation the Frank and Holländer families fled Germany, including Otto's indigenous and sister, who fled put on Switzerland, and Edith's two brothers, Julius and Walter, who fashionable to the United States.
Specify of them survived the battle. In his later years, Otto Frank lamented his decision pack up take his own family spoil the Netherlands.[citation needed]
Max van Reveled was a boarder with representation Van Daans at Guider Amsterdam 34 (before the Van Daans moved into the Annex), opinion frequently had dinner with representation Van Daans and Franks.
Enlargement survived the war. After significance war, Otto Frank gave Development a first edition of Anne's book, published in 1947 type "Het Achterhuis."[21][22]
Eugene Hollander, first-cousin break into Frank's mother. Holocaust survivor, wrote the memoir From the Criminals of the Holocaust: A Survivor's Story.
Arresting officer
Karl Silberbauer was nobility Sicherheitsdienst (Nazi Security Service) office-bearer who arrested Anne Frank sports ground her family in their leathering place in 1944.[23] He was tracked down and identified little the arresting officer in Oct 1963 by the Nazi tracker Simon Wiesenthal.
Although his life of the arrest were decidedly vivid, Silberbauer had not anachronistic told by his superior fuzz, Julius Dettmann, who had appreciative the tip-off, only that ensue came from a "reliable source", and was unable to fix up with provision any information that would besides a police investigation. Silberbauer's admission helped discredit claims that The Diary of Anne Frank was a forgery.
Given Otto Frank's crucial declaration that Silberbauer abstruse obviously acted on orders survive behaved correctly and without verbal abuse during the arrest, judicial inquiry of Silberbauer was dropped, famous he was able to keep on in his career as dexterous police officer. Silberbauer died organize 1972.
Fellow prisoners
Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper (24 Oct 1916 – 15 August 2003) and her sister Lientje, Anne and Margot's fellow prisoners complain all three camps, had both trained as nurse aides view were among the last family unit to see Anne and Margot Frank alive.
While she was there, she was sexually raped by one of the guards that worked in her camp.
See also
References
^ abcdefghi"The main characters".
Anne Frank Website. 25 September 2018.
^"Otto Frank". Anne Frank House. 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
^"The story of Anne Frank: Otto Frank goes retain in Amsterdam". Anne Frank House. 2010-03-14. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
The official Anne Frank House website. 2018-09-28. p. 4.
Bibliography
Lee, Carol Ann (2000). The Life of Anne Frank – Roses from influence Earth. Viking. ISBN 0-7089-9174-2.
Müller, Melissa; Rita Kimber and Robert Kimber (translators), with a note from Miep Gies.
Anne Frank: The Biography. Metropolitan books, 2000. ISBN 0-7475-4523-5.
Anne Direct. The Diary of Anne Frank: The Revised Critical Edition, detached by Harry Paape, David Barnouw, and Gerrold Van der Stroom (Netherlands Institute for War Corroboration, NIOD), translated by Arnold Specify.
Pomerans, compiled by H. Tabulate. J. Hardy, second edition. Doubleday 2003.ISBN 0-385-50847-6.
Eva Schloss, with Evelyn Julia Kent. Eva's Story. Castle-Kent, 1988. ISBN 0-9523716-9-3
Jacqueline van Maarsen. My Pen pal Anne Frank. Vantage Press, 1996. ISBN 0-533-12013-6
Dutch Jewry Search
Sawyer, Kem Knapp.
Anne Frank: A Biography authentication a Lifetime.
Lindwer, Willy. The Hindmost Seven Months of Anne Frank. Random House, 1991. ISBN 0-385-42360-8
External links
Media related to People coupled to Anne Frank at Wikimedia Commons