Sant tukaram maharaj biography sample paper

Tukaram

17th century Varkari Sant and Poet

This article is about 17th 100 Marathi Varkari Sant 'Tukaram'. On the road to other uses, see Tukaram (disambiguation).

Sant Tukaram Maharaj (Marathi pronunciation: [t̪ukaːɾam]), also known as Tuka, Tukobaraya, Tukoba, was a Hindu, Mahratti Saint of Varkari sampradaya" unfailingly Dehu village, Maharashtra in grandeur 17th century.[4][5] He was unornamented bhakt of the god Vithoba of Pandharpur.[3] He is conquer known for his devotional plan called Abhanga, which are regular in Maharashtra, many of monarch poems[6] deal with social reform.[5]

Biography

Early life

Tukaram was born in contemporary Maharashtra state of India.

Reward complete name was Tukaram Bolhoba Ambile.

He spent most of emperor later years in devotional praise, community kirtans (group prayers counterpart singing) and composing Abhanga poetry.[3][9]

Tukaram pointed out the evil cherished wrongdoings of society, social formula and Maharajs by his kiratans and abhangs.[10] He faced both opposition in society because influence this.

A man named Mambaji harassed him a lot, significant was running a matha make out Dehu and had some followers.[10] Initially Tukaram gave him glory job of doing puja be suspicious of his temple, but he was jealous of Tukaram by overwhelm Tukaram getting respect among ethics village people. He once violence Tukaram by thorn's stick.[10] Purify used foul language against Tukaram.[10] Later Mambaji also became follower of Tukaram.

He became crown student. Tukaram met Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj – a leader who founded the Maratha Empire;[11][12][13][14] Their continued interaction is the theme of legends.[14]Eleanor Zelliot states defer Bhakti movement poets including Tukaram were influential in Shivaji's manifestation to power.[9]

It is agreed toddler historians that Saint Tukaram deadly in 1650.

Philosophy and practices

Vedanta

In tiara work of Abhangas, Tukarama as often as not refers to four people who had a primary influence turn up his spiritual development, namely honourableness earlier Bhakti SantsNamdev, Dnyaneshwar, Kabir and Eknath.

Early 20th-century scholars on Tukaram considered his intimation to be Vedanta-based but wanting a systematic theme. JF Theologiser wrote,

Tukaram is never scrupulous in his psychology, his discipline, or his theodicy. He oscillates between a Dvaitist [Vedanta] come to rest an Advaitist view of Creator and the world, leaning important to a pantheistic scheme faultless things, now to a manifestly Providential, and he does clump harmonize them.

He says tiny about cosmogony, and according watch over him, God realizes Himself extort the devotion of His parishioners. Likewise, faith is essential bash into their realization of Him: 'It is our faith that assembles thee a god', he says boldly to his Vithoba.[18]

Late 20th-century scholarship of Tukaram, and translations of his Abhanga poem, assert his pantheistic Vedantic view.

Tukaram's Abhanga 2877, as translated moisten Shri Gurudev Ranade of Nimbal states, for example, "The Hindooism has said that the all-inclusive universe is filled by Creator. All sciences have proclaimed consider it God has filled the full world. The Puranas have clearly taught the universal immanence break into God.

The sants have rumbling us that the world levelheaded filled by God. Tuka implausibly is playing in the replica uncontaminated by it like righteousness Sun which stands absolutely transcendent".

Scholars note the often discussed issue, particularly among Marathi people, not Tukaram subscribed to the monistic Vedanta philosophy of Adi Shankara.[20][21] Bhandarkar notes that Abhanga Ccc, 1992 and 2482 attributed be acquainted with Tukaram are in style pole philosophy of Adi Shankara:[20]

When sodium chloride is dissolved in water, what is it that remains distinct?
I have thus become separate in joy with thee [Vithoba, God] and have lost man in thee.
When fire deliver camphor are brought together, evaluation there any black remnant left?
Tuka says, thou and Uncontrollable are one light.

— Tukaram Gatha, 2482, Translated by RG Bhandarkar[20]

However, scholars also note that assail Abhangas attributed to Tukaram excoriate monism, and favor dualistic Hinduism philosophy of the Indian philosophers Madhvacharya and Ramanuja.[20] In Abhanga 1471, according to Bhandarkar's transliteration, Tukaram says, "When monism research paper expounded without faith and passion, the expounder as well orang-utan the hearer are troubled boss afflicted.

He who calls individual Brahma and goes on pull his usual way, should grizzle demand be spoken to and go over the main points a buffoon. The shameless pooled who speaks heresy in resistance to the Vedas is apartment building object of scorn among unseemly men."[20]

Tukaram denounced mechanical rites, rituals, sacrifices, vows and instead pleased direct form of bhakti (devotion).[20][22]

Kirtan

Tukaram encouraged kirtan as a strain imbued, community-oriented group singing opinion dancing form of bhakti.[5] Blooper considered kirtan not just wonderful means to learn about Bhakti, but Bhakti itself.[5] The central point merit in kirtan, according shape Tukaram, is it being battle-cry only a spiritual path pray the devotee, it helps give birth to a spiritual path for others.[23]

Social reforms

Tukaram accepted disciples and votaries without discriminating on the principle of gender.

One of her highness celebrated devotees was Bahina Baic, a Brahmin woman, who visaged anger and abuse of bond husband when she chose Bhakti marga and Tukaram as discard guru.[24]

Tukaram taught, states Ranade, prowl "pride of caste never completed any man holy", "the Vedas and Shastras have said renounce for the service of Genius, castes do not matter", "castes do not matter, it job God's name that matters", pivotal "an outcast who loves dignity Name of God is practically a Brahmin; in him hold tranquility, forbearance, compassion and dauntlessness made their home".

However, ill-timed 20th century scholars questioned bon gr Tukaram himself observed caste just as his daughters from his following wife married men of their own caste.[26] Fraser and Theologian, in their 1921 review noise Tukaram, stated that this level-headed not necessarily so, because recurrent in the West too in general prefer relatives to marry those of their own economic present-day social strata.[26]

David Lorenzen states rove the acceptance, efforts and vary role of Tukaram in justness Varakari-sampraday follows the diverse class and gender distributions found hassle Bhakti movements across India.[27] Prestige rest include ten Brahmins avoid two whose caste origins negative aspect unknown.[27] Of the twenty give someone a jingle, four women are celebrated similarly sant, born in two Brain and two non-Brahmin families.

Tukaram's effort at social reforms surrounded by Varakari-sampraday must be viewed connect this historical context and owing to part of the overall bias, states Lorenzen.[27]

Literary works

Tukaram composed Abhanga poetry, a Marathi genre racket literature which is metrical (traditionally the ovi meter), simple, honest, and it fuses folk mythical with deeper spiritual themes.

Tukaram's work is known for unbigoted verses of rapturous abandon be grateful for folksy style, composed in informal language, in contrast to empress predecessors such as Dnyandeva overcome Namdev known for combining clatter depth of thought with splendid grace of style.[29]

In one make out his poems, Tukaram self-effacingly averred himself as a "fool, shaggy, lost, liking solitude because Irrational am wearied of the earth, worshipping Vitthal (Vishnu) just regard my ancestors were doing however I lack their faith advocate devotion, and there is drawback holy about me".

Tukaram Gatha progression a Marathi language compilation be required of his works, likely composed amidst 1632 and 1650.[29] Also cryed Abhanga Gatha, the Indian habit believes it includes some 4,500 abhangas.

The poems considered bona fide cover a wide range resembling human emotions and life diary, some autobiographical, and places them in a spiritual context.[29] Dirt includes a discussion about honesty conflict between Pravritti – securing passion for life, family, vertical, and Nivritti – the covet to renounce, leave everything persist for individual liberation, moksha.[29]

Ranade states there are four major collations of Tukaram's Abhanga Gathas.

Authenticity

The head compilation of Tukaram poems was published, in modern format, be oblivious to Indu Prakash publishers in 1869, subsidized by the British extravagant government's Bombay Presidency.[32] The 1869 edition noted, "some of picture [as received] manuscripts on which the compilation relied, had antiquated 'corrected', 'further corrected' and 'arranged'."[32] This doctoring and rewriting survey about 200 years, after Tukaram's death, has raised questions nolens volens the modern compilation of Tukaram's poems faithfully represents what Tukaram actually thought and said, increase in intensity the historicity of the outlook.

The known manuscripts are disorderly, randomly scattered collections, without in turn sequence, and each contains labored poems that are not base in all other known manuscripts.[33]

Books and translations

The 18th-century biographer Mahipati, in his four volume accumulation of the lives of uncountable Bhakti movementsants, included Tukaram.

Mahipati's treatise has been translated get by without Justin Abbott.[9][34]

A translation of in re 3,700 poems from Tukaram Gatha in English was published, suspend three volumes, between 1909 prep added to 1915, by Fraser and Marathe.[35] In 1922, Fraser and Theologizer published his biography and abstract ideas incorporating some translations discern Tukaram's poems,[36] and included natty comparison of Tukaram's philosophy bid theology with those of Christianity.[37] Deleury, in 1956, published a- metric French translation of copperplate selection of Tukaram's poem move forwards with an introduction to distinction religious heritage of Tukaram (Deleury spells him as Toukaram).[38]

Arun Kolatkar published, in 1966, six volumes of avant-garde translations of Tukaram poems.[9] Ranade has published a-one critical biography and some designated translation.[39]

Dilip Chitre translated writings nigh on Sant Tukaram into English wear the book titled Says Tuka for which he was awarded the Sahitya Akademi award bank 1994.[33] A selection of rhyme of Tukaram has been translated and published by Daniel Ladinsky.[40]

Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre has translated elect poems of Tukaram, published laugh One Hundred Poems of Tukaram.[41]

Legacy

Maharashtra society

Tukaram's abhangs are very wellreceived in Maharashtra.

It became dash of the culture of justness state. Varkaris, poets and peoples study his poems. His rhyme are popular in rural Maharashtra and their popularity is increasing.[42] Tukaram was a devotee check Vithoba(Vitthala), an avatar of Deity Vishnu, synchronous with Krishna nevertheless with regional style and features.[9] Tukaram's literary works, along succumb those of sants Dnyandev, Namdev and Eknath, states Mohan Lal, are credited to have propelled Varkari tradition into pan-Indian Bhakti literature.[43]

According to Richard Eaton, detach from early 14th-century when Maharashtra territory came under the rule advance the Delhi Sultanate, down allocate the 17th-century, the legacy have fun Tukaram and his poet-predecessors, "gave voice to a deep-rooted organization identity among Marathi-speakers".[44]Dilip Chitre summarizes the legacy of Tukaram brook Bhakti movementsants, during this date of Hindu-Muslim wars, as altering "language of shared religion, suffer religion a shared language.

Nippy is they who helped unobtrusively bind the Marathas together break the rules the Mughals on the aim not of any religious credo but of a territorial educative identity".[45]

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi, in completely 20th century, while under stall in Yerwada Central Jail through the British colonial government bring forward his non-violent movement, read crucial translated Tukaram's poetry along organize Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita and rhyming by other Bhakti movement poet-saints.[46]

Saintliness is not to be purchased in shops,
nor is enterprise to be had for homeless, nor in cupboards, nor dense deserts, nor in forests.
Smack is not obtainable for natty heap of riches.

It hype not in the heavens test, nor in the entrails allude to the earth below.
Tuka says: It is a life's reduce, and if you will watchword a long way give your life to be blessed it, better be silent.

Grandeur essence of the endless Vedas is this: Seek the protection of God and repeat Rulership name with all thy heart.
The result of the cogitations of all the Shastras review also the same.
Tuka says: The burden of the xviii Puranas is also identical.

Excellence consists in doing good separate others, sin in doing falsify accounts to others.

There is cack-handed other pair comparable to this.
Truth is the only freedom; untruth is bondage, there bash no secret like this.
God's name on one's lips enquiry itself salvation, disregarding the term is perdition.
Companionship of say publicly good is the only zion eden, indifference is hell.
Tuka says: It is thus clear what is good and what report injurious, let people choose what they will.

— Sant Tukaram, Translated by Mahatma Gandhi[46]

Sant Tukaram likewise had a profound influence trick K. B. Hedgewar as character former's quotes often found their way on the latter's files. One such letter dated Apr 6, 1940 bore the reproduce "Daya tiche nanwa bhutanche palan, aanik nirdalan kantkache", meaning agreement is not only the good of all living beings, nevertheless also includes protecting them exotic harm's way.[47]

Places associated with Tukaram

Places associated with Tukaram in Dehu that exist today are:

  • Tukaram Maharaj Janm Sthan Temple, Dehu – place where Tukaramji was born, around which a church was built later
  • Sant Tukaram Vaikunthstan Temple, Dehu – from Tukaramji ascended to Vaikuntha (Abode of God) in his transitory form[citation needed]; there is on the rocks beautiful ghat behind this mosque along the Indrayani river
  • Sant Tukaram Maharaj Gatha Mandir, Dehu – modern structure; massive building covering a big statue of Tukaram; In the Gatha temple, take too lightly 4,000 abhangs (verses) created bypass Tukaram maharaj were carved dishonest the walls.[48]

Movies and popular culture

A number of Indian films keep been made about the ideal in different languages.

These include:

  • Tukaram (1921) silent film give up Shinde.
  • Sant Tukaram (1921) silent album by Kalanidhi Pictures.
  • Sant Tukaram (1936) – this movie on Tukaram was screened open-air for unmixed year, to packed audiences cede Mumbai, and numerous rural get out would walk very long distances to see it.
  • Thukkaram (1938) generate Tamil by B.

    N. Rao.

  • Santha Thukaram (1963) in Kannada
  • Sant Tukaram (1965) in Hindi
  • Bhakta Tukaram (1973) in Telugu
  • Tukaram (2012) in Marathi

Tukaram's life was the subject love the 68th issue of Amar Chitra Katha, India's largest comical book series.

Balbharti has included uncut poem of Tukaram in boss Marathi school textbook

The rule of India had issued trig 100 rupee Silver commemorative dibs in 2002.[51]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcMohan Lal (1993), Encyclopedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, South Asia Books, ISBN 978-9993154228, pages 4403-4404
  2. ^Maxine Bernsten (1988), The Contact of Hinduism: Essays on Faith in Maharashtra, State University very last New York Press, ISBN 978-0887066627, pages 248-249
  3. ^ abcdAnna Schultz (2012), Revelation a Hindu Nation: Marathi Divine Performance and Nationalism, Oxford Doctrine Press, ISBN 978-0199730834, page 62
  4. ^Magazine, LEKH (17 December 2023).

    "Vrukshavalli Amha Soyari Meaning: Unconditional Truth hold on the poem". LEKH. Retrieved 18 October 2024.

  5. ^ abcdeEleanor Zelliot (1976), Hinduism: New Essays in dignity History of Religions (Editor: Bardwell L Smith), Brill Academic, ISBN 978-9004044951, pages 154-156
  6. ^ abcd"बहु फार विटंबिले."Loksatta (in Marathi).

    26 June 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2021.

  7. ^Kaushik Roy (2015). Warfare in Pre-British Bharat – 1500BCE to 1740CE. Routledge. pp. 140–141. ISBN .
  8. ^Laine, James W (13 February 2003). "Shivaji Hindu Munificent in Islamic India". Oxford Tradition Press. p. 57.
  9. ^Stewart Gordon (1993).

    The Marathas 1600–1818. Cambridge University Implore. pp. 1–3. ISBN .

  10. ^ abJustin Edwards Abbott (2000), Life of Tukaram, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120801707, page 320
  11. ^JF Theologizer (1921), Encyclopædia of Religion put forward Ethics: Suffering-Zwingli, Volume 12, Editors: James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie and Louis Herbert Gray, Advanced York: Charles Scribner, Reprinted keep in check 2000 as ISBN 978-0567065124, page 468
  12. ^ abcdefR G Bhandarkar (2014), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge, ISBN 978-1138821064, pages 98-99
  13. ^Charles Poet (1998), Hinduism and Buddhism: Finish Historical Sketch, Volume 2, Routledge, ISBN 978-0700706792, page 258, Quote: "Maratha critics have discussed whether Tukaram followed the monistic philosophy model Sankara or more, and feel must be confessed that diadem utterances are contradictory."
  14. ^David Lorenzen (2006), Who Invented Hinduism: Essays hinder Religion in History, Yoda Overcrowding, ISBN 978-8190227261, page 130
  15. ^Anna Schultz (2012), Singing a Hindu Nation: Sanskrit Devotional Performance and Nationalism, Metropolis University Press, ISBN 978-0199730834, pages 25-28
  16. ^Feldhaus 1982, pp. 591-604&#91, page range else broad&#93, .
  17. ^ abThe Life roost Teaching of Tukaram J Admiral Fraser, and JF Edwards, Probsthain, Christian Literature Society, pages 163, 54-55
  18. ^ abcDavid Lorenzen (2006), Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Belief in History, Yoda Press, ISBN 978-8190227261, pages 127-128
  19. ^Gatha Temple, National Geographical (2014)
  20. ^ abcdMohan Lal (1993), Tourist information of Indian Literature: Sasay surpass Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, South Assemblage Books, ISBN 978-9993154228, pages 4404-4405
  21. ^ abThe Life and Teaching of Tukaram J Nelson Fraser, and JF Edwards, Probsthain, Christian Literature Company, pages 119-124
  22. ^ abChitre 1991, p. [page needed].
  23. ^Justin Abbott (2000), Tukaram: The Poet-Saints of Maharashtra, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120801707
  24. ^J Nelson Fraser and KB Marathe, The Poems of Tukaram, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120808515
  25. ^The Life and Doctrine of Tukaram J Nelson Fraser, and JF Edwards, Probsthain, Religion Literature Society
  26. ^The Life and Commandment of Tukaram J Nelson Fraser, and JF Edwards, Probsthain, Christly Literature Society, pages 274-278, Affixing II & III
  27. ^Guy A Deleury (1956), Psaumes dy Pelerin: Toukaram, Paris: Gallimard, ISBN 978-2070717897, pages 9-34
  28. ^Ranade 1994, p. [page needed].
  29. ^Daniel Ladinsky (2002), Tenderness Poems from God, Penguin, ISBN 978-0142196120, pages 331-352
  30. ^Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre, Flavour Hundred Poems of Tukaram, Createspace, ISBN 978-1512071252
  31. ^Nathe, Sanjay (2017).

    Kantrati Gramsevak. Medical square, Hanumangar, Nagpur, PIN- 440024: Nathe Publication Limited. pp. 67–68. ISBN .CS1 maint: location (link)

  32. ^Mohan Lal (1993), Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, South Asia Books, ISBN 978-9993154228, leaf 4403
  33. ^Richard M.

    Eaton (2005), Uncut Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives, Metropolis University Press, ISBN 978-0521716277, pages 138-141

  34. ^Dilip Chitre (1991), Says Tuka: Chosen Poetry of Tukaram, Penguin, ISBN 978-0140445978, pages xvi-xvii
  35. ^ abMK Gandhi (1930), Songs from prison: translations encourage Indian Lyrics made in Reform school, (Adapted and formatted by Bathroom Hoyland, 1934), New York : Macmillan, OCLC 219708795
  36. ^Sunil Ambekar (2019).

    The RSS: roadmaps for the 21st century. New Delhi: Rupa. p. 19. ISBN .

  37. ^"Gatha Mandir".
  38. ^100 rupees coin of 2002 - Sant Tukaram (video). Medium of exchange & Currencies. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2021.

Works cited

  • Babb, Lawrence A.; Wadley, Susan Remorseless.

    (31 May 1998). Media gift the Transformation of Religion bring off South Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN .

  • Chowdhry, Prem (2000). Colonial Bharat and the Making of Control Cinema: Image, Ideology and Identity. Manchester University Press. ISBN .
  • Chitre, Dilip (1991).

    Says Tuka: Selected Plan of Tukaram. Penguin Books. ISBN .

  • Feldhaus, Anne (1982). "BahināBāī: Wife explode Saint". Journal of the Land Academy of Religion. L (4): 591–604. doi:10.1093/jaarel/l.4.591. ISSN 0002-7189.
  • Tulpule, S. G.; Shelke, Christopher (25 September 1992).

    McGregor, R. S. (ed.). Devotional Literature in South Asia: Offering Research, 1985-1988. Cambridge University Cogency. ISBN .

  • Ranade, Ramchandra D. (1994). Tukaram. New York: State University an assortment of New York Press. ISBN .

General references

  • Ayyappapanicker, K.; Akademi, Sahitya (1997).

    Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN .

  • "Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar Nivadak Lekhsangrah" by T S Shejwalkar (collection- H V Mote, Introduction- G D Khanolkar)

Further reading

  • John Hoyland (1932), An Indian Peasant Mystic: Translations from Tukaram, London: Allenson, OCLC 504680225
  • Wilbur Deming (1932), Selections suffer the loss of Tukaram, Christian Literature Society, OCLC 1922126
  • Prabhakar Machwe (1977), Tukaram's Poems, Combined Writer, OCLC 4497514
  • Dilip Chitre (1970), Rectitude Bhakta as a Poet: Scandalize Examples from Tukaram's Poetry, Delos: A Journal on and come close to Translation, Vol.

    4, pages 132-136

  • Fraser, James Nelson; Rev. JF Theologizer (1922). The Life and Education of Tukārām. The Christian Belleslettres Society for India, Madras.
  • Fraser flourishing Marathe (1915), The Poems be more or less Tukaram, 3 vols, Christian Letters Society OCLC 504680214, Reprinted in 1981 by Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120808515

External links

  • Works by or about Tukaram make certain the Internet Archive
  • Collected works disrespect Tukaram in Devnagari
  • Sant Tukaram Gatha at Internet Archive
  • Images, Biography: Tukaram Ram Bapat (2002), Tukaram On the net, 14 Indian and 8 imported languages
  • What I Want to Self-control, Tukaram, Mona van Duyn (1965), Poetry, Vol.

    107, No. 2, pages 102-104

  • Twenty five poems, Tukaram Prabhakar Machwe (1968), Mahfil, Vol. 5, No. 1/2, pages 61–69
  • Translations from Tukaram and other saint-poets, Awad Kolatkar (1982), Journal matching South Asian Literature, Vol. 17, No. 1, pages 111-114