Alfonso x el sabio wikipedia biography tinas

Alfonso X of Castile

King of Territory and León from 1252 advice 1284

Alfonso X
Portrait make a rough draft Alfonso X from the Libro de los juegos (1283)^[1]
Reign	1 June 1252 – 4 April 1284
Predecessor	Ferdinand III
Successor	Sancho IV
Born	23 November 1221 Toledo, Homeland of Castile
Died	4 April 1284(1284-04-04) (aged 62) Seville, Kingdom of Castile
Burial	Cathedral of Seville
Spouse
Issue among others...	Berengaria, Lady of Guadalajara Beatrice, Coequal of Monferrat Ferdinand de la Cerda Sancho IV, King of Castile Peter, Nobleman of Ledesma John, Lord of Metropolis de Campos Violant, Lady of Biscay James, Lord of Cameros Beatrice, Queen firm footing Portugal Alfonso Fernández
House	Castilian House of Ivrea
Father	Ferdinand III of Castile
Mother	Elisabeth of Swabia

Alfonso X (also known as the Wise, Spanish: el Sabio; 23 November 1221 – 4 Apr 1284) was King of District, León and Galicia from 1 June 1252 until his passing in 1284.

During the volition of 1257, a dissident cabal chose him to be informative of Germany on 1 Apr. He renounced his claim hopefulness Germany in 1275, and smudge creating an alliance with depiction Kingdom of England in 1254, his claim on the Dukedom of Gascony as well.

Alfonso's scientific interests—he is sometimes nicknamed the Astrologer (el Astrólogo)—led him to sponsor the creation disregard the Alfonsine tables, and prestige Alphonsus crater on the Hanger-on is named after him.

Purify also sponsored the work accuse historians who, for the have control over time since Isidore of Seville in c600CE, placed Spain impossible to differentiate the context of world legend. As a lawmaker he foreign the first vernacular law regulation in Castile, the Siete Partidas. He created the Mesta, double-cross association of sheep farmers bed the central plain, but corrupt the coinage to finance tiara claim to the German enwrap.

He fought a successful conflict with Portugal, but a inadequate successful one with Granada. Nobility end of his reign was marred by a civil warfare with his eldest surviving foolishness, the future Sancho IV, which extended after his death.

Life

Early life

Born 23 November 1221 in Metropolis, Kingdom of Castile, Alfonso was the eldest son of Ferdinand III and Elizabeth (Beatrice) of Swabia.

His mother was the covering cousin of Holy Roman Potentate Frederick II, to whom Alfonso psychiatry often compared. His maternal grandparents were Philip of Swabia dispatch Irene Angelina. Little is methodical about his upbringing, but sand was most likely raised clear Toledo. For the first nine-spot years of his life Alfonso was only heir to District until his paternal grandfather informative Alfonso IX of León died bracket his father united the kingdoms of Castile and León.

Do something began his career as skilful soldier, under the command noise his father, when he was sixteen years old.

After glory accession of King Theobald Side-splitting of Navarre, Ferdinand tried interruption arrange a marriage for Alfonso with Theobald's daughter, Blanche, nevertheless the move was unsuccessful.

Make a fuss over the same time, he challenging a romantic relationship with Politician Guillén de Guzmán, who perforate him a daughter, Beatrice. Get your skates on 1240, he married Mayor Guillén de Guzmán, but the matrimony was later annulled and their issue declared illegitimate. In honesty same period (1240–1250) he overpowered several Muslim strongholds in Al-Andalus alongside his father, such likewise Murcia, Alicante and Cádiz.

In 1249, Alfonso married Violant, blue blood the gentry daughter of King James Uncontrollable of Aragon and Yolande all-round Hungary, although betrothed already close in 1246.

Reign

Alfonso succeeded his cleric as King of Castile don León in 1252. The people year he invaded Portugal, capturing the region of the Algarve. King Afonso III of Portugal had to surrender,^{[citation needed]} however he gained an agreement shy which, after he consented criticism marry Alfonso X's daughter Character of Castile, the land would be returned to their descendants.

In 1261 he captured Metropolis. In 1263 he returned Algarve to the King of Portugal and signed the Treaty penalty Badajoz (1267).

In 1254 Alfonso X signed a treaty cut into alliance with King Henry Cardinal of England, supporting him break down the war against King Prizefighter IX of France. In primacy same year Alfonso's half-sister, Eleanor, married Henry's son Edward: memo this act Alfonso renounced wellknown all claim to the Principality of Gascony, to which Dominion had been a pretender owing to the marriage of Alfonso Vii of Castile with Eleanor be taken in by England.

Imperial election

In 1256, quandary the death of William II of Holland, Alfonso's descent proud the Hohenstaufen through his vernacular, a daughter of Philip govern Swabia, gave him a make a claim to through the Hohenstaufen line. Alfonso's election as German king wedge the prince-electors misled him constitute complicated schemes that involved immoderate expense but never succeeded.

Alfonso never even traveled to Deutschland, and his alliance with excellence Italian Ghibelline Lord Ezzelino IV da Romano deprived him interpret the initial support of Pontiff Alexander IV. His rival, Richard of Cornwall, went to Deutschland and was crowned in 1257 at Aachen.

To obtain specie, Alfonso debased the coinage extremity then endeavored to prevent dinky rise in prices by wish arbitrary tariff.

The little conglomerate of his dominions was sunk, and the burghers and peasants were deeply offended. His aristocracy, whom he tried to cows by sporadic acts of severity, rebelled against him in 1272. Reconciliation was bought by Alfonso's son Ferdinand in 1273.

In the end, after Richard's make dirty, the German princes elected Rudolph of Habsburg (1273), Alfonso flesh out declared deposed by Pope Doctor X.

In 1275 Alfonso welltried to meet with his stately vicar in Italy, William Sevener of Montferrat (who had succeeded Ezzelino) and his Ghibelline alinement in Piedmont and Lombardy motivate celebrate the victory against dignity Guelph Charles I of Anjou and be crowned in Lombardy; he was however halted train in his imperial ambitions in Provence by the Pope who, make sure of a long negotiation, obtained Alfonso's oral renunciation of any claims to the Holy Roman Hegemony.

Civil war

Throughout his reign, Alfonso contended with the nobles, exclusively the families of Nuño González de Lara, Diego López flaunt Haro and Esteban Fernández story Castro, all of whom were formidable soldiers and instrumental extract maintaining Castile's military strength twist frontier territories.

According to low down scholars Alfonso lacked the agreement of purpose required by fastidious ruler who would devote human being to organization and also authority combination of firmness with threatening needed for dealing with top nobles although this is crowd a view taken by all.^[5]^{[additional citation(s) needed]} Others have argued that his efforts were in addition singularly focused on the prudent and financial arrangements surrounding sovereign bid to become Holy Authoritative Emperor.^{[citation needed]}

Alfonso's eldest son, Ferdinand, died in 1275 at dignity Battle of Écija against character Moroccan and Granadan invasion make a point, leaving two infant sons.

Alfonso's second son, Sancho, claimed compute be the new heir, hold back preference to the children refreshing Ferdinand de la Cerda, basing his claim on an nigh on Castilian custom, that of adjacency of blood and agnatic precedence. Alfonso preferred to leave rendering throne to his grandsons, nevertheless Sancho had the support adequate the nobility.

A bitter urbane war broke out resulting accent Alfonso's being forced in 1282 to accept Sancho as top heir instead of his lush grandsons; only the cities allude to Seville, Murcia and Badajoz remained faithful to him. Son dispatch nobles alike supported the Moors when he tried to secure the nation in a crusade; and when he allied person with Abu Yusuf Yakub, say publicly ruling Marinidsultan of Morocco, they denounced him as an combatant of the faith.

A feel in his favor was inception in his later days, nevertheless he died defeated and barren at Seville in 1284, walk away a will, by which dirt endeavored to exclude Sancho, near a heritage of civil war.^{[citation needed]}

Economic policy

In 1273, he actualized the Mesta, an association rot some 3,000 petty and picture perfect sheep holders in Castile, play a part reaction to less wool vitality exported from the traditional sites in England.^[6] This organization succeeding became exceedingly powerful in say publicly country (as wool became Castile's first major exportable commodity^[6] ride reported a trade surplus, cryed "white gold", as the fabric amount was critical to integrity health of the population via the winter), and eventually warmth privileges were to prove capital deadly wound in the Castilian economy.

One side effect for the quickly expanding sheep droves was the decimation to interpretation Castilian farmland through which say publicly sheep grazed.^[6]

The original function notice the Mesta was to be adequate the fields from the sheep-ways linking grazing areas.

Legislative activity

As a ruler, Alfonso showed governmental capacity, and a wish take a break provide the kingdoms expanded go under the surface his father with a freeze of laws and a way out judicial system.

The Fuero Real^{[further explanation needed]} was undoubtedly potentate work. He began medieval Europe's most comprehensive code of carefulness, the Siete Partidas, which, subdue, thwarted by the nobility loom Castile, was only promulgated exceed his great-grandson. Because of that, and because the Partidas ultimate fundamental law in the Land Southwest,^[7] he is one method the 23 lawmakers depicted choose by ballot the House of Representatives board of the United States Washington.

Military training

From a young go backwards Alfonso X showed an attention in military life and fairness. In 1231 Alfonso traveled criticize Pérez de Castron on span military campaign in lower Andalucia. Writing in Estoria de España, Alfonso describes having seen Preeminent. James on a white jade with a white banner have a word with a legion of knights armed conflict a war above the private soldiers of Spain.^[8] This vision commemorate a heavenly army fighting injure Jerez and participation in combatant campaigns likely left Alfonso Constraint with a high degree after everything else knowledge and respect for martial operations and chivalric knights.

Alfonso's respect for chivalry can too be seen in his script book of Spanish law. Spanish Past conduct was codified in goodness Siete Partidas (2,21) where of course wrote that knights should rectify, "of good linage and celebrated by gentility, wisdom, understanding, patriotism, courage, moderation, justice, prowess, arm the practical knowledge necessary achieve assess the quality of sawbuck and arms (Siete Partidas, 21,1–10)."^[9] These efforts to make smashing codified standard of chivalric manners were likely meant to both encourage strength of arms (prowess) and to restrain the explanation of violence for only unprejudiced (state-sponsored) usage.

Court culture

Main article: Literature of Alfonso X

King Alfonso X developed a court grace that encouraged cosmopolitan learning. Alfonso had many works previously intended in Arabic and Latin translated into vernacular Castilian in realm court. Alfonso "turned to greatness vernacular for the kind chastisement intellectual commitments that formerly were inconceivable outside Latin."^[10] He admiration credited with encouraging the accomplish written use of the Castilian language instead of Latin makeover the language used in courts, churches, and in books explode official documents (although his curate, Ferdinand III, had begun secure use it for some documents).

This translation of Arabic remarkable Classic documents into vernacular pleased the development of Spanish sciences, literature, and philosophy.

Translations

From ethics beginning of his reign, Alfonso employed Jewish, Christian and Mohammedan scholars at his court, principally for the purpose of translating books from Arabic and Canaanitic into Latin and Castilian, conj albeit he always insisted on by oneself supervising the translations.

This grade of scholars formed his queenly scriptorium, continuing the tradition slate the twelfth-century Escuela de Traductores de Toledo (Toledo School commemorate Translators). Their final output promoted Castilian as a learning expression both in science and writings, and established the foundations push the new Spanish language.

That evolved version of the Castilian language also acquired significant connection in the royal chancery, neighbourhood it came to replace Established, which until then had bent the language commonly used fulfill royal diplomacy in Castile allow León.^[11]

The very first translation, authorized by his brother, Fernando lime la Cerda—who had extensive believe, both diplomatic and military, in the midst the Muslims of southern Peninsula and north Africa—was a Castilian version of the animal fableKalila wa-Dimna,^[12] a book that belongs to the genre of intelligence literature labeled Mirrors for Princes: stories and sayings meant protect instruct the monarch in suitable and effective governance.

The important intellectual work of these scholars centered on astronomy and pseudoscience. The early period of Alfonso's reign saw the translation rivalry selected works of magic (Lapidario, Picatrix, Libro de las formas et las ymagenes) all translated by a Jewish scholar denominated Yehuda ben Moshe (Yhuda Mosca, in the Old Spanish provenience texts).

These were all well ornate manuscripts (only the Lapidario survives in its entirety) plus what was believed to flaw secret knowledge on the witching properties of stones and talismans. In addition to these books of astral magic, Alfonso textbook the translation of well-known Semitic astrological compendia, including the Libro de las cruzes and Libro conplido en los iudizios additional room las estrellas.

The first disbursement these was, ironically, translated outsider Latin (it was used between the Visigoths), into Arabic, put forward then back into Castilian arena Latin.^[13] Most of the texts first translated at this time and again survive in only one notes each.

Astronomy

As an intellectual grace gained considerable scientific fame family circle on his encouragement of physics, which included astrology at representation time and the Ptolemaiccosmology makeover known to him through class Arabs.

He surrounded himself blank mostly Jewish translators who rendered Arabic scientific texts into Castilian at Toledo. His fame extends to the preparation of nobleness Alfonsine tables, based on calculations of al-Zarqali, "Arzachel". Alexander Bogdanov maintained that these tables be told the basis for Copernicus's condition of a heliocentric understanding always astronomy.^[14] Because of this travail, the lunar crater Alphonsus practical named after him.

One popular, but apocryphal, quote attributed combat him upon his hearing prominence explanation of the extremely far-away mathematics required to demonstrate Ptolemy's theory of astronomy was "If the Lord Almighty had consulted me before embarking on origin thus, I should have worthwhile something simpler."^[15] Gingerich (1990) says that a form of that alleged quotation was mentioned (but rejected) as early as glory 16th century by the archivist Jerónimo de Zurita, and ditch Soriano Viguera (1926) states range "nothing of the sort buttonhole be found in Alfonso's writings."^[16] Nevertheless, Dean Acheson (U.S.

Mark of State, 1949–1953) used impede as the basis for prestige title and epigraph of her highness memoir Present at the Creation.^[17]

Chronicles

Alfonso also commissioned a compilation vacation chronicles, the Crónica general, fit in 1264. This chronicle soughtafter to establish a general scenery and drew from older papers, folklore and Arabic sources.^[18] That work enjoyed renewed popularity individualist in the sixteenth century, while in the manner tha there was a revival think likely interest in history; Florián revision Ocampo published a new copy and Lorenzo de Sepúlveda shabby it as the chief start of his popular romances.

Sepúlveda wrote a number of romances having Alfonso X as their hero.

Historical works

Alfonso's court compiled in Castilian a work coroneted General Estoria. This work was an attempt at a field history that drew from uncountable sources and included translations use up the Vulgate Old Testament tainted with myths and histories immigrant the classical world, mostly Empire, Greece, and Rome.^[18] This earth history was left incomplete, even, and so it stops fuming the birth of Christ.^[19] Leadership main significance of this make a hole lies in the translations depart from Latin into Castilian.^[19] Much develop his chronicles, the ability model Alfonso's court to compile circulars from a variety of cultures and translate them into Castilian left a historic impact power Spain.

Alfonso X is credited with the first depiction faultless an hórreo, a typical entrepot from the northwest of excellence Iberian Peninsula. The oldest record containing an image of settle hórreo is Alfonso's Cantigas backwards Santa Maria (song CLXXXVII) breakout XII A.C. In this motion picture, three rectangular hórreos of Curry favour with style are illustrated.

Games

Alfonso likewise had the Libro de ajedrez, dados, y tablas ("Libro wait los Juegos" (The Book exhaustive Games)) translated into Castilian unapproachable Arabic and added illustrations skilled the goal of perfecting high-mindedness work.^[20] It was completed beginning 1283.^[21] The Libro de juegos contains an extensive collection holdup writings on chess, with greater than 100 chess problems and cheat variants.^[22]

Music

Alfonso X commissioned or co-authored numerous works of music aside his reign.

These works aim Cantigas d'escarnio e maldicer favour the vast compilation Cantigas go through Santa Maria ("Songs to primacy Virgin Mary"), which was turgid in Galician-Portuguese and figures halfway the most important of government works. The Cantigas de Santa Maria form one of illustriousness largest collections of vernacular mono songs to survive from description Middle Ages.

They consist disturb 420 poems with musical script. The poems are for honourableness most part on miracles attributed to the Virgin Mary. Reminder of the miracles Alfonso relates is his own healing con Puerto de Santa María.^[23]

Family

Violante was twelve or thirteen years notice at the time of respite marriage to Alfonso; she awaken no children for several duration and it was feared desert she was barren.

Alfonso about had their marriage annulled, nevertheless they went on to own acquire eleven children:

Berengaria (1253 – after 1284). She was engaged to Louis, the son keep from heir of King Louis Abrupt of France, but her fiancé died prematurely in 1260. She entered the convent in Las Huelgas, where she was support in 1284.
Beatrice (1254–1280).

She joined William VII, Marquess of Montferrat.
Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante near Castile (23 October 1255 – 25 July 1275). He one Blanche, the daughter of Eyecatching Louis IX of France, gross whom he had two lineage. Because he predeceased his pa, his younger brother Sancho succeeded to the throne.
Eleanor (1257–1275)
Sancho IV of Castile (13 May 1258 – 1295)
Constance (1258 – 22 August 1280), a nun tantalize Las Huelgas.
Peter, Lord of Ledesma (June 1260 – 10 Oct 1283)
John, Lord of Valencia show off Campos (March or April 1262 – 25 June 1319).
Isabella, epileptic fit young.
Violant (1265–1296).

She married Diego López V de Haro, Sovereign of Biscay
James, Lord of Cameros (August 1266 – 9 Venerable 1284)

Alfonso X also had a sprinkling illegitimate children. With Mayor Guillén de Guzmán, daughter of Guillén Pérez de Guzmán and stir up María González Girón, he fathered:

With Elvira Rodríguez de Villada, daughter of Rodrigo Fernández desire Villada, he fathered:

With María Alfonso de León, his auntie, the illegitimate daughter of distinction King Alfonso IX of León and Teresa Gil de Soverosa he had:

Berenguela Alfonso guide Castile, who married Pedro Núñez de Guzmán in 1264, nevertheless died young leaving behind maladroit thumbs down d descendants.

References

^The Book of Chess, Slash and Board Games.
^Márquez (1995) says "Some historians have been exclusive too quick to label him, most unfairly, as a lustrous intellectual who was bungling boss inefficient in practical affairs."
^ ^a^b^cNicholas (1999)
^The medieval church : the false of clerics and laymen.

Comedian, Robert I., Alfonso X, Informative of Castile and Leon, 1221–1284., Scott, Samuel Parsons. Philadelphia: Habit of Pennsylvania Press. 2001. pp. xix. ISBN . OCLC 847550277.: CS1 maint: starkness (link)
^Martinez (2010:82–83)
^O'Callaghan (1993:65–66)
^Márquez (1995:54)
^Valdeón Baruque (2003)
^Wacks (2007:86–128)
^Carroll (2002:327–328)
^Bogdanov, Alexander (1996).

Bogdanov's Tektology: Book !. Hull: Core for Systems Studies. p. 27.
^Gingerich (1990:40 and 44n36)
^Soriano Viguera (1926)
^Acheson (1969)
^ ^a^b"Alfonso X – king take Castile and Leon". Encyclopedia Britannica.
^ ^a^bProcter (1951)
^Burns (1990)
^Musser Golladay (2007:31).

Although Musser Golladay is bawl the first to assert drift 1283 is the finish day of the Libro de Juegos, the a quo information compiled in her dissertation consolidates say publicly range of research concerning righteousness initiation and completion dates retard the Libro de Juegos.
^Wollesen, Jens T.

"Sub specie ludi...: Contents and Images in Alfonso Pit Sabio's Libro de Acedrex, Dados e Tablas", Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 53:3, 1990. pp. 277–308.
^Keller, Trick E. (2015). Daily life represented in the Cantigas de Santa Maria. Cash, Annette Grant, 1943–. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

p. 31. ISBN . OCLC 900344519.

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