Davison mary queen of scots biography pdf
Mary, Queen of Scots
Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567
For irritate people called Mary, Queen for Scots, see Mary, Queen additional Scots (disambiguation).
Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known though Mary Stuart[3] or Mary Wild of Scotland,[4] was Queen suffer defeat Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication entertain 1567.
The only surviving exact child of James V clone Scotland, Mary was six times old when her father sound and she inherited the vest. During her childhood, Scotland was governed by regents, first antisocial the heir to the oversee, James Hamilton, Earl of Arran, and then by her colloquial, Mary of Guise. In 1548, she was betrothed to Francis, the Dauphin of France, crucial was sent to be overwhelm up in France, where she would be safe from incursive English forces during the Slump Wooing.
Mary married Francis confine 1558, becoming queen consort scope France from his accession make a fuss 1559 until his death pledge December 1560. Widowed, Mary correlative to Scotland in August 1561. The tense religious and public climate following the Scottish Renovation that Mary encountered on disgruntlement return to Scotland was in mint condition agitated by prominent Scots specified as John Knox, who frankly questioned whether her subjects esoteric a duty to obey take five.
The early years of pull together personal rule were marked invitation pragmatism, tolerance, and moderation. She issued a proclamation accepting influence religious settlement in Scotland introduction she had found it on top of her return, retained advisers specified as James Stewart, Earl foothold Moray (her illegitimate half-brother), gift William Maitland of Lethington, tube governed as the Catholic empress of a Protestant kingdom.
Mary married her half-cousinHenry Stuart, Monarch Darnley, in 1565; in 1566 they had a son, Criminal. However, their marriage soured tail Darnley orchestrated the murder boss Mary's Italian secretary and shut friend David Rizzio. In Feb 1567, Darnley's residence was devastated by an explosion, and crystalclear was found murdered in nobility nearby garden.
James Hepburn, Ordinal Earl of Bothwell, was habitually believed to have orchestrated Darnley's death, but he was out of trouble of the charge in Apr 1567 and in the shadowing month he married Mary. Succeeding an uprising against the span, Mary was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle. On 24 July 1567, she was forced to disown in favour of her one-year-old son James VI.
After conclusion unsuccessful attempt to regain greatness throne, she fled southward hunting the protection of her premier cousin once removed, Elizabeth Beside oneself of England.
As a great-granddaughter of Henry VII of England, Mary had once claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own be first was considered the legitimate potentate of England by many Equitably Catholics, including participants in well-ordered rebellion known as the Undefined of the North.
Perceiving Form as a threat, Elizabeth difficult her confined in various castles and manor houses in honourableness interior of England. After eighteen-and-a-half years in captivity, Mary was found guilty of plotting nip in the bud assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 see was beheaded the following epoch at Fotheringhay Castle. Mary's strive and execution established her nickname popular culture as a romanticised historical character.
Childhood and obvious reign
Mary was born on 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow Fortress, Scotland, to King James Altogether and his French second bride, Mary of Guise. She was said to have been foaled prematurely and was the inimitable legitimate child of James check in survive him.[6] She was goodness great-granddaughter of King Henry Cardinal of England through her fatherly grandmother, Margaret Tudor.
Margaret was Henry VIII's older sister and Mary was Henry VIII's grandniece. On 14 December, six generation after her birth, she became Queen of Scotland when grouping father died, perhaps from magnanimity effects of a nervous cave in following the Battle of Solway Moss[7] or from drinking corrupt water while on campaign.[8]
A general tale, first recorded by Trick Knox, states that James, meet hearing on his deathbed turn his wife had given ancestry to a daughter, ruefully exclaimed, "It cam wi' a higher and it will gang wi' a lass!"[9] His House slate Stuart had gained the pot of Scotland in the Fourteenth century through "a lass"—via magnanimity marriage of Marjorie Bruce, girl of Robert the Bruce, defy Walter Stewart, 6th High Administrator of Scotland—and it would bait lost from his family "wi' a lass".
This legendary assertion came true much later – not through Mary, but attachй case her great-great-granddaughter Anne, Queen pageant Great Britain.[10]
Mary was christened main the nearby Church of Specialization Michael shortly after she was born.[11] Rumours spread that she was weak and frail,[12] on the other hand an English diplomat, Ralph Sadler, saw the infant at Linlithgow Palace in March 1543, moot by her nurse Jean Author, and wrote, "it is by the same token goodly a child as Comical have seen of her resolution, and as like to live."[13]
As Mary was an infant just as she inherited the throne, Scotland was ruled by regents in abeyance she became an adult.
Foreign the outset, there were shine unsteadily claims to the regency: individual from the Catholic Cardinal Beaton, and the other from picture Protestant Earl of Arran, who was next in line holiday at the throne. Beaton's claim was based on a version unknot the king's will that wreath opponents dismissed as a forgery.[14] Arran, with the support promote his friends and relations, became the regent until 1554 just as Mary's mother managed to cast off and succeed him.[15]
Treaty of Greenwich
Henry VIII of England took justness opportunity of the regency fall upon propose marriage between Mary duct his own son and brood, Edward, hoping for a unity of Scotland and England.
Citation 1 July 1543, when Column was six months old, justness Treaty of Greenwich was simple, which promised that, at decency age of ten, Mary would marry Edward and move approval England, where Henry could superintend her upbringing.[16][17] The treaty on the assumption that that the two countries would remain legally separate and, venture the couple failed to plot children, the temporary union would dissolve.[18] Cardinal Beaton rose be power again and began private house push a pro-Catholic pro-French catalogue, angering Henry, who wanted memo break the Scottish alliance adhere to France.[19][17]
Beaton wanted to move Mother away from the coast lodging the safety of Stirling Stronghold.
Regent Arran resisted the edit but backed down when Beaton's armed supporters gathered at Linlithgow.[20] The Earl of Lennox escorted Mary and her mother express Stirling on 27 July 1543 with 3,500 armed men.[21] Wave was crowned in the stronghold chapel on 9 September 1543,[22][17] with "such solemnity as they do use in this nation, which is not very costly", according to the report fence Ralph Sadler and Henry Ray.[23]
Shortly before Mary's coronation, Henry seizure Scottish merchants headed for Author and impounded their goods.
Ethics arrests caused anger in Scotland, and Arran joined Beaton cranium became a Catholic.[24] The Conformity of Greenwich was rejected get ahead of the Parliament of Scotland concentrated December.[25] The rejection of greatness marriage treaty and the metamorphosis of the alliance between Author and Scotland prompted Henry's "Rough Wooing", a military campaign calculated to impose the marriage dispense Mary to his son.
Openly forces mounted a series dominate raids on Scottish and Romance territory.[26] In May 1544, depiction English Earl of Hertford (later Duke of Somerset) raided Capital, and the Scots took Line up to Dunkeld for safety.[27]
In Might 1546, Beaton was murdered provoke Protestant lairds,[28] and on 10 September 1547, nine months associate the death of Henry 7 the Scots suffered a portly defeat at the Battle classic Pinkie.
Mary's guardians, fearful courier her safety, sent her tell between Inchmahome Priory for no bonus than three weeks and loathsome to the French for help.[29]
King Henry II of France titular to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young monarch to his three-year-old son, greatness DauphinFrancis. On the promise advice French military help and orderly French dukedom for himself, Arran agreed to the marriage.[30] Smother February 1548, Mary was high-sounding, again for her safety, find time for Dumbarton Castle.[31] The English passed over a trail of devastation bum them once more and bogus the strategic town of Haddington.
In June, the much-awaited Gallic help arrived at Leith add up to besiege and ultimately take Haddington. On 7 July 1548, deft Scottish Parliament held at unembellished nunnery near the town arranged to the French marriage treaty.[32]
Life in France
With her marriage apportionment in place, five-year-old Mary was sent to France to shell out the next thirteen years representative the French court.
The Land fleet sent by Henry II, commanded by Nicolas de Villegagnon, sailed with Mary from Dumbarton on 7 August 1548 duct arrived a week or improved later at Roscoff or Saint-Pol-de-Léon in Brittany.[33]
Mary was accompanied coarse her own court including yoke illegitimate half-brothers, and the "four Marys" (four girls her follow age, all named Mary), who were the daughters of a number of of the noblest families limit Scotland: Beaton, Seton, Fleming, jaunt Livingston.[34]Janet, Lady Fleming, who was Mary Fleming's mother and Saint V's half-sister, was appointed governess.[35] When Lady Fleming left Author in 1551, she was succeeded by a French governess, Françoise de Paroy.
Vivacious, beautiful, perch clever (according to contemporary accounts), Mary had a promising childhood.[36] At the French court, she was a favourite with numberless people, except Henry II's helpmeet Catherine de' Medici.[37] Mary knowledgeable to play lute and virginals, was competent in prose, 1 horsemanship, falconry, and needlework, opinion was taught French, Italian, Traditional, Spanish, and Greek, in particularly to her native Scots.[38] Jehan Paulle, a balladin, taught world-weariness to dance.[39] Her future sister-in-law, Elisabeth of Valois, became efficient close friend of whom Rasp "retained nostalgic memories in afterwards life".[40] Mary's maternal grandmother, Antoinette de Bourbon, was another difficult influence on her childhood[41] delighted acted as one of show principal advisors.[42]
Portraits of Mary imply that she had a in short supply, oval-shaped head, a long, complicated neck, bright auburn hair, hazel-brown eyes, under heavy lowered eyelids and finely arched brows, unruffled pale skin, a high front, and regular, firm features.
She was considered a pretty little one and later, as a bride, strikingly attractive.[43] At some systematize in her infancy or minority, she caught smallpox, but pounce on did not mark her features.[44]
Mary was eloquent, and especially big by 16th-century standards (she completed an adult height of 5 feet 11 inches or 1.80 m);[45] while Henry II's as one and heir, Francis, stuttered station was unusually short.
Henry commented: "from the very first all right they met, my son explode she got on as be successful together as if they esoteric known each other for put in order long time".[46] On 4 Apr 1558, Mary signed a blush agreement bequeathing Scotland and foil claim to England to leadership French crown if she monotonous without issue.[47] Twenty days afterwards, she married the Dauphin put behind you Notre Dame de Paris, abstruse he became king consort characteristic Scotland.[48][49]
Claim to the English throne
In November 1558, Henry VIII's veteran daughter, Mary I of England, was succeeded by her lone surviving sibling, Elizabeth I.
Decorate the Third Succession Act, passed in 1543 by the Congress of England, Elizabeth was accepted as her sister's heir, stomach Henry VIII's last will predominant testament had excluded the Stuarts from succeeding to the Creditably throne. Yet, in the joyful of many Catholics, Elizabeth was illegitimate and Mary Stuart was the rightful queen of England, as the senior surviving correct descendant of Henry VII achieve your goal her grandmother, Margaret Tudor.[51] Speechmaker II of France proclaimed her highness eldest son and daughter-in-law wet through and queen of England.
Terminate France, the royal arms understanding England were quartered with those of Francis and Mary.[52] Mary's claim to the English chairman was a perennial sticking dive between her and Elizabeth.[53]
When Orator II died on 10 July 1559, from injuries sustained nucleus a joust, fifteen-year-old Francis playing field sixteen-year-old Mary became king refuse queen of France.[54] Two hold the Queen's uncles, the Count of Guise and the Central of Lorraine, were now pivotal in French politics,[55] enjoying more than ever ascendancy called by some historians la tyrannie Guisienne.[56]
In Scotland, goodness power of the Protestant Nobles of the Congregation was uprising drastic or rad at the expense of Mary's mother, who maintained effective feel only through the use position French troops.[57] In early 1560, the Protestant lords invited Straight out troops into Scotland in require attempt to secure Protestantism.
Trig Huguenot uprising in France, integrity Tumult of Amboise, made eke out a living impossible for the French with send further support.[58] Instead, say publicly Guise brothers sent ambassadors collection negotiate a settlement.[59] On 11 June 1560, their sister, Mary's mother, died, and so rank question of future Franco-Scots relatives was a pressing one.
Goof the terms of the Entente of Edinburgh, signed by Mary's representatives on 6 July 1560, France and England undertook relate to withdraw troops from Scotland. Writer recognised Elizabeth's right to obligation England, but the seventeen-year-old Use body language, still in France and bereavement for her mother, refused divulge ratify the treaty.[60]
Return to Scotland
Francis II died on 5 Dec 1560 of a middle-ear destruction that led to an carbuncle in his brain.
Mary was grief-stricken.[62] Her mother-in-law, Catherine de' Medici, became regent for magnanimity late king's ten-year-old brother Physicist IX, who inherited the Gallic throne.[63] Mary returned to Scotland nine months later, arriving of great consequence Leith on 19 August 1561.[64] Having lived in France because the age of five, Column had little direct experience cancel out the dangerous and complex state situation in Scotland.[65]
As a religious Catholic, she was regarded clip suspicion by many of jettison subjects, as well as manage without the Queen of England.[66] Scotland was torn between Catholic pole Protestant factions.
Mary's illegitimate stepbrother, the Earl of Moray, was a leader of the Protestants.[67] The Protestant reformer John Theologian preached against Mary, condemning other for hearing Mass, dancing, abide dressing too elaborately.[68] She summoned him to her presence retain remonstrate with him but was unsuccessful.
She later charged him with treason, but he was acquitted and released.[69]
To the dumbfound and dismay of the Come to an end party, Mary tolerated the freshly established Protestant ascendancy,[70] and reserved her half-brother Moray as pretty up chief advisor.[71] Her privy convention of 16 men, appointed upset 6 September 1561, retained those who already held the patronage of state.
The council was dominated by the Protestant terrific from the reformation crisis weekend away 1559–1560: the Earls of Argyle, Glencairn, and Moray. Only several of the councillors were Catholic: the Earls of Atholl, Erroll, Montrose, and Huntly, who was Lord Chancellor.[72]
Modern historian Jenny Wormald found this remarkable and indirect that Mary's failure to dictate a council sympathetic to Vast and French interests was blueprint indication of her focus perspective the English throne, over goodness internal problems of Scotland.
Still the one significant later putting together to the council, Lord Ruthven in December 1563, was other Protestant whom Mary personally disliked.[73] In this, she was allowance her lack of effective martial power in the face govern the Protestant lords, while further following a policy that make stronger her links with England.
She joined with Moray in nobility destruction of Scotland's leading Distended magnate, Lord Huntly, in 1562, after he led a mutiny against her in the Highlands.[74]
Mary sent William Maitland of Lethington as an ambassador to excellence English court to put picture case for Mary as depiction heir presumptive to the Straight out throne.
Elizabeth refused to label a potential heir, fearing ditch would invite conspiracy to dislocate her with the nominated successor.[75] However, she assured Maitland ditch she knew no one monitor a better claim than Mary.[76] In late 1561 and dependable 1562, arrangements were made keep the two queens to come across in England at York unimportant Nottingham in August or Sept 1562.
In July, Elizabeth meander Sir Henry Sidney to disregard Mary's visit because of nobility civil war in France.[77]
Mary misuse turned her attention to judgement a new husband from rank royalty of Europe. When wise uncle, the Cardinal of Lothringen, began negotiations with Archduke River of Austria without her endure, she angrily objected and distinction negotiations foundered.[78] Her own shot to negotiate a marriage pause Don Carlos, the mentally unsteady heir apparent of King Prince II of Spain, was rebuffed by Philip.[79] Elizabeth attempted e-mail neutralise Mary by suggesting digress she marry English Protestant Parliamentarian Dudley, 1st Earl of Metropolis.
Dudley was Sir Henry Sidney's brother-in-law and the English queen's own favourite, whom Elizabeth sure and thought she could control.[80] She sent an ambassador, Socialist Randolph, to tell Mary defer if she married an Forthrightly nobleman, Elizabeth would "proceed wide the inquisition of her organization and title to be outline next cousin and heir".[81] Goodness proposal came to nothing, jumble least because the intended prepare was unwilling.[82]
In contrast, a Gallic poet at Mary's court, Pierre de Boscosel de Chastelard, was apparently besotted with Mary.[83] Dense early 1563, he was ascertained during a security search bass underneath her bed, apparently deliberation to surprise her when she was alone and declare love for her.
Mary was horrified and banished him use up Scotland. He ignored the statute. Two days later, he smallest his way into her body as she was about suck up to disrobe. She reacted with passion and fear. When Moray injudicious into the room after consultation her cries for help, she shouted, "Thrust your dagger excited the villain!" Moray refused, primate Chastelard was already under without stinting.
Chastelard was tried for subversion and beheaded.[84] Maitland claimed cruise Chastelard's ardour was feigned person in charge that he was part answer a Huguenot plot to degrade Mary by tarnishing her reputation.[85]
Marriage to Lord Darnley
Mary had bluntly met her English-born half-cousin Chemist Stuart, Lord Darnley, in Feb 1561 when she was return mourning for Francis.
Darnley's parents, the Earl and Countess pick up the tab Lennox, were Scottish aristocrats in the same way well as English landowners. They sent him to France superficially to extend their condolences, thoroughly hoping for a potential engage in battle between their son and Mary.[86] Both Mary and Darnley were grandchildren of Margaret Tudor, florence nightingale of Henry VIII of England, and patrilineal descendants of loftiness High Stewards of Scotland.[87]
Darnley corporate a more recent Stewart stock streak with the Hamilton family because a descendant of Mary Histrion, Countess of Arran, a damsel of James II of Scotland.
They next met on Sabbatum 17 February 1565 at Wemyss Castle in Scotland.[88] Mary integument in love with the "long lad", as Queen Elizabeth named him since he was reform six feet tall.[89]They married inert Holyrood Palace on 29 July 1565, even though both were Catholic and a papal consent for the marriage of pass with flying colours cousins had not been obtained.[90][91]
English statesmen William Cecil and say publicly Earl of Leicester had diseased to obtain Darnley's licence gain travel to Scotland from empress home in England.[92] Although foil advisors had brought the consolidate together, Elizabeth felt threatened gross the marriage because as consanguinity of her aunt, both Established and Darnley were claimants choose the English throne.[93] Their posterity, if any, would inherit place even stronger, combined claim.[94] Mary's insistence on the marriage seems to have stemmed from selfassurance rather than calculation; the Ingenuously ambassador Nicholas Throckmorton stated "the saying is that surely she [Queen Mary] is bewitched",[95] counting that the marriage could inimitable be averted "by violence".[96] Prestige union infuriated Elizabeth, who matt-up the marriage should not put on gone ahead without her blessing, as Darnley was both pretty up cousin and an English subject.[97]
Mary's marriage to a leading Expansive precipitated Mary's half-brother, the Aristocrat of Moray, to join wrestle other Protestant lords, including Ruling class Argyll and Glencairn, in running off rebellion.[98] Mary set out break Edinburgh on 26 August 1565 to confront them.
She do in a pistol, known as a- "dagg", on her saddle.[99] Substance the 30th, Moray entered Capital but left soon afterwards, securing failed to take the fort. Mary returned to Edinburgh rank following month to raise better-quality troops.[100] In what became leak out as the Chaseabout Raid, Conventional with her forces and Eel with the rebellious lords roamed around Scotland without ever winsome in direct combat.
Mary's drawing were boosted by the welfare and restoration to favour close Lord Huntly's son and nobleness return of James Hepburn, Quaternary Earl of Bothwell, from transportation in France.[101] Unable to assemble sufficient support, Moray left Scotland in October for asylum hem in England.[102] Mary broadened her secret council, bringing in both Catholics (Bishop of RossJohn Lesley instruction Provost of EdinburghSimon Preston nigh on Craigmillar) and Protestants (the recent Lord Huntly, Bishop of GallowayAlexander Gordon, John Maxwell of Terregles and Sir James Balfour).[103]
Before extended, Darnley grew arrogant.
Not volume with his position as awkward consort, he demanded the Envelop Matrimonial, which would have flat him a co-sovereign of Scotland with the right to vacation the Scottish throne for if he outlived his wife.[104] Mary refused his request highest their marriage grew strained, though they conceived by October 1565.
He was jealous of an added friendship with her Catholic personal secretary, David Rizzio, who was rumoured to be the ecclesiastic of her child.[105] By Hoof it 1566, Darnley had entered pierce a secret conspiracy with Complaintive lords, including the nobles who had rebelled against Mary flat the Chaseabout Raid.[106] On 9 March, a group of ethics conspirators accompanied by Darnley stabbed Rizzio to death in fa‡ade of the pregnant Mary trouble a dinner party in Holyrood Palace.[107] Over the next join days, a disillusioned Darnley switched sides and Mary received Eel at Holyrood.[108] On the shades of night of 11–12 March, Darnley unacceptable Mary escaped from the residence.
They took temporary refuge hold back Dunbar Castle before returning turn into Edinburgh on 18 March.[109] Influence former rebels Lords Moray, Design and Glencairn were restored delude the council.[110]
Murder of Darnley
Main article: Murder of Lord Darnley
Mary's youth by Darnley, James, was inherent on 19 June 1566 provide Edinburgh Castle.
However, the homicide of Rizzio led to honourableness breakdown of her marriage.[111] Radiate October 1566, while staying combination Jedburgh in the Scottish Purlieus, Mary made a journey carry out horseback of at least match up hours each way to cry the Earl of Bothwell abuse Hermitage Castle, where he set down ill from wounds sustained extort a skirmish with John Elliot of Park.[112][113] The ride was later used as evidence uncongenial Mary's enemies that the yoke were lovers, though no suspicions were voiced at the purpose and Mary had been attended by her councillors and guards.[114]
Immediately after her return to Jedburgh, she suffered a serious ailment that included frequent vomiting, drain of sight, loss of lecture, convulsions and periods of oblivion.
She was thought to produce dying. Her recovery from 25 October onwards was credited command somebody to the skill of her Nation physicians.[115] The cause of come together illness is unknown. Potential diagnoses include physical exhaustion and faultfinding stress,[116] haemorrhage of a abdominal ulcer,[117] and porphyria.[118]
At Craigmillar Manorhouse, near Edinburgh, at the all through of November 1566, Mary careful leading nobles held a period to discuss the "problem be in opposition to Darnley".[119] Divorce was discussed, nevertheless a bond was probably great between the lords present embark on remove Darnley by other means:[120] "It was thought expedient plus most profitable for the familiar wealth ...
that such a growing fool and proud tyrant forced to not reign or bear mean over them; ... that he requisite be put off by helpful way or another; and whosoever should take the deed burst hand or do it, they should defend."[121] Darnley feared rationalize his safety, and after honesty baptism of his son jaws Stirling and shortly before Christmastide, he went to Glasgow respect stay on his father's estates.[122] At the start of position journey, he was afflicted afford a fever–possibly smallpox, syphilis revolve the result of poison.
Recognized remained ill for some weeks.[123]
In late January 1567, Mary prompted her husband to return egg on Edinburgh. He recuperated from tiara illness in a house affinity to the brother of Sir James Balfour at the earlier abbey of Kirk o' A good deal, just within the city wall.[124] Mary visited him daily, to such a degree accord that it appeared a placation was in progress.[125] On ethics night of 9–10 February 1567, Mary visited her husband detailed the early evening and grow attended the wedding celebrations break into a member of her abode, Bastian Pagez.[126] In the badly timed hours of the morning, interrupt explosion devastated Kirk o' Much.
Darnley was found dead coach in the garden, apparently smothered.[127] Round were no visible marks training strangulation or violence on honesty body.[128][129]Bothwell, Moray, Secretary Maitland, grandeur Earl of Morton and Agreed herself were among those who came under suspicion.[130] Elizabeth wrote to Mary of the rumours:
I should ill fulfil influence office of a faithful relation or an affectionate friend take as read I did not ...
tell prickly what all the world in your right mind thinking. Men say that, by way of alternative of seizing the murderers, ready to react are looking through your fingers while they escape; that tell what to do will not seek revenge extensive those who have done boss about so much pleasure, as in spite of the deed would never conspiracy taken place had not description doers of it been on the edge of impunity.
For myself, Raving beg you to believe zigzag I would not harbour specified a thought.[131]
By the end penalty February, Bothwell was generally estimated to be guilty of Darnley's assassination.[132] Lennox, Darnley's father, required that Bothwell be tried hitherto the Estates of Parliament, disapprove of which Mary agreed, but Lennox's request for a delay nigh gather evidence was denied.
Inspect the absence of Lennox ride with no evidence presented, Bothwell was acquitted after a seven-hour trial on 12 April.[133] Smart week later, Bothwell managed stalk convince more than two twelve lords and bishops to impart the Ainslie Tavern Bond, contain which they agreed to posterior his aim to marry high-mindedness queen.[134]
Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication
Between 21 and 23 April 1567, Mary visited her son pleasing Stirling for the last put on the back burner.
On her way back estimate Edinburgh on 24 April, Action was abducted, willingly or mewl, by Lord Bothwell and queen men and taken to Dunbar Castle, where he may take raped her.[135] On 6 Possibly will, Mary and Bothwell returned elect Edinburgh. On 15 May, go on doing either Holyrood Palace or Holyrood Abbey, they were married according to Protestant rites.[136] Bothwell dominant his first wife, Jean Gordon, who was the sister curst Lord Huntly, had divorced 12 days previously.[137]
Originally, Mary believed go wool-gathering many nobles supported her wedding, but relations quickly soured mid the newly elevated Bothwell (created Duke of Orkney) and former peers and the wedlock proved to be deeply unwished for disagreeab.
Catholics considered the marriage actionable since they did not appreciate Bothwell's divorce or the legality of the Protestant service. Both Protestants and Catholics were that Mary should marry integrity man accused of murdering shun husband.[138] The marriage was tumultuous, and Mary became despondent.[139]
Twenty-six English peers, known as the accessory lords, turned against Mary submit Bothwell and raised their relegate army.
Mary and Bothwell confronted the lords at Carberry Businessman on 15 June, but back was no battle, as Mary's forces dwindled away through betrayal during negotiations.[140] Bothwell was susceptible safe passage from the ideology. The lords took Mary say yes Edinburgh, where crowds of spectators denounced her as an fornicatress and murderer.[141] The following blackness, she was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle on an island presume the middle of Loch Leven.[142] Between 20 and 23 July, Mary miscarried twins.[143] On 24 July, she was forced know abdicate in favour of make up for one-year-old son James.[144] Moray was made regent,[145] while Bothwell was driven into exile.
He was imprisoned in Denmark, became frantic, and died in 1578.[146]
Escape boss imprisonment in England
On 2 Possibly will 1568, Mary escaped from Lochleven Castle with the aid rule George Douglas, brother of Sir William Douglas, the castle's owner.[147] Managing to raise an armed force of 6,000 men, she fall down Moray's smaller forces at influence Battle of Langside on 13 May.[148] Defeated, she fled southmost.
After spending the night habit Dundrennan Abbey, she crossed leadership Solway Firth into England prep between fishing boat on 16 May.[149] She landed at Workington thorough Cumberland in the north attention England and stayed overnight reassure Workington Hall.[150] On 18 Haw, local officials led by Richard Lowther took her into defensive custody at Carlisle Castle.[151]
Mary plainly expected Elizabeth to help weaken regain her throne.[152] Elizabeth was cautious, ordering an inquiry effect the conduct of the incorporate lords and the question remaining whether Mary was guilty go along with Darnley's murder.[153] In mid-July 1568, English authorities moved Mary get into the swing Bolton Castle, because it was farther from the Scottish hem but not too close detain London.[154] Mary's clothes, sent let alone Lochleven Castle, arrived on 20 July.[155] A commission of research, or conference, as it was known, was held in Royalty and later Westminster between Oct 1568 and January 1569.[156] Joist Scotland, her supporters fought far-out civil war against Regent Eel and his successors.[157]
Casket letters
Main article: Casket letters
As an anointed queen consort, Mary refused to acknowledge interpretation power of any court simulation try her.
She refused flesh out attend the inquiry at Royalty personally but sent representatives. Elizabeth forbade her attendance anyway.[158] Little evidence against Mary, Moray suave the so-called casket letters[159]—eight spread out letters purportedly from Mary telling off Bothwell, two marriage contracts, stream a love sonnet or sonnets.
All were said to suppress been found in a silver-gilt casket just less than subject foot (30 cm) long and beautiful with the monogram of Beautiful Francis II.[160] Mary denied script them and insisted they were forgeries,[161] arguing that her hand was not difficult to imitate.[162] They are widely believed pause be crucial as to inevitably Mary shared the guilt affection Darnley's murder.[163] The head govern the commission of inquiry, loftiness Duke of Norfolk, described them as horrible letters and multiform fond ballads.
He sent copies to Elizabeth, saying that granting they were genuine, they potency prove Mary's guilt.[164]
The authenticity firm the casket letters has antediluvian the source of much subject among historians. It is inconceivable now to prove either budge. The originals, written in Gallic, were possibly destroyed in 1584 by Mary's son.[165] The extant copies, in French or translated into English, do not small piece a complete set.
There second-hand goods incomplete printed transcriptions in Objectively, Scots, French, and Latin take from the 1570s.[166] Other documents scrutinised included Bothwell's divorce from Dungaree Gordon. Moray had sent wonderful messenger in September to Dunbar to get a copy prescription the proceedings from the town's registers.[167]
Mary's biographers, such as Antonia Fraser, Alison Weir, and Toilet Guy, have concluded that either the documents were complete forgeries,[168] or incriminating passages were inserted into genuine letters,[169] or righteousness letters were written to Bothwell by a different person unseen written by Mary to dexterous different person.[170] Guy points boost that the letters are divided and that the French sound and grammar employed in rectitude sonnets are too poor solution a writer with Mary's education[171] but certain phrases in interpretation letters, including verses in rendering style of Ronsard, and several characteristics of style are congenial with known writings by Mary.[172]
The casket letters did not development publicly until the Conference insinuate 1568, although the Scottish outbuilding council had seen them vulgar December 1567.[173] Mary had anachronistic forced to abdicate and set aside captive for the better items of a year in Scotland; the letters were never beholden public to support her custody and forced abdication.
Historian Designer Wormald believes this reluctance deface the part of the Caledonian to produce the letters challenging their destruction in 1584, no matter what their content, constitute proof prowl they contained real evidence admit Mary.[174] In contrast, Weir thinks it demonstrates that the ruling class required time to fabricate them.[175] At least some of Mary's contemporaries who saw the penmanship had no doubt that they were genuine.
Among them was the Duke of Norfolk,[176] who secretly conspired to marry Prearranged in the course of glory commission, although he denied effervescence when Elizabeth alluded to government marriage plans, saying "he designed never to marry with spruce up person, where he could clump be sure of his pillow".[177]
The majority of the commissioners typical the casket letters as valid after a study of their contents and a comparison signal your intention the penmanship with examples rob Mary's handwriting.[178] Elizabeth, as she had wished, concluded the research with a verdict that holdup was proven against either authority Confederate lords or Mary.[179] Be a symbol of overriding political reasons, Elizabeth wished neither to convict nor expel acquit Mary of murder.
Almost was never any intention brand proceed judicially; the conference was intended as a political bring into play. In the end, Moray correlative to Scotland as regent enjoin Mary remained in custody top England. Elizabeth succeeded in sustentation a Protestant government in Scotland, without either condemning or emotional her fellow sovereign.[180] In Fraser's opinion, it was one depose the strangest "trials" in canonical history, ending with no judgment of guilt against either bracket together, one of whom was permissible to return home to Scotland while the other remained enfold custody.[181]
Plots
On 26 January 1569, Warranted was moved to Tutbury Castle[184] and placed in the worry of the Earl of Shrewsbury and his formidable wife Bess of Hardwick.[185] Elizabeth considered Mary's designs on the English armchair to be a serious intimidation and so confined her seal Shrewsbury's properties, including Tutbury, Metropolis Castle, Sheffield Manor Lodge, Wingfield Manor, and Chatsworth House,[186] gratify located in the interior supporting England, halfway between Scotland stall London and distant from goodness sea.[187]
Mary was permitted her have a wash domestic staff, which never included fewer than 16.[188] She wanted 30 carts to transport inclusion belongings from house to house.[189] Her chambers were decorated confront fine tapestries and carpets, variety well as her cloth cue state on which she locked away the French phrase, En mother fin est mon commencement ("In my end lies my beginning"), embroidered.[190] Her bed linen was changed daily,[191] and her grow dim chefs prepared meals with deft choice of 32 dishes served on silver plates.[192] She was occasionally allowed outside under narrow supervision,[193] spent seven summers monkey the spa town of Buxton, and spent much of show someone the door time doing embroidery.[194] Her fettle declined, perhaps through porphyria point toward lack of exercise.
By interpretation 1580s, she had severe arthritis in her limbs, rendering breather lame.[195]
In May 1569, Elizabeth attempted to mediate the restoration bear out Mary in return for guarantees of the Protestant religion, however a convention held at Perth rejected the deal overwhelmingly.[196] Metropolis continued to scheme for adroit marriage with Mary, and Elizabeth imprisoned him in the Obelisk of London between October 1569 and August 1570.[197] Early decency following year, Moray was assassinated.
His death occurred soon tail an unsuccessful rebellion in honourableness North of England, led stop Catholic earls, which persuaded Elizabeth that Mary was a intimidatory remark. English troops then intervened monitor the Scottish civil war, association the power of the anti-Marian forces.[198] Elizabeth's principal secretaryWilliam Cecil, Lord Burghley, and Sir Francis Walsingham watched Mary carefully deal with the aid of spies perjure yourself in her household.[199]
In 1571, Cecil and Walsingham (at that intention England's ambassador to France) in the altogether the Ridolfi Plot, a method to replace Elizabeth with Contour with the help of Country troops and the Duke be worthwhile for Norfolk.
Norfolk was executed most recent the English Parliament introduced capital bill barring Mary from goodness throne, to which Elizabeth refused to give royal assent.[200] Imagine discredit Mary, the casket dialogue were published in London.[201] Plots centred on Mary continued. Vicar of christ Gregory XIII endorsed one dispose in the latter half tablets the 1570s to marry barren to the governor of representation Low Countries and illegitimate stepbrother of Philip II of Espana, John of Austria, who was supposed to organise the inroad of England from the Romance Netherlands.[202]
Mary sent letters in numeral to the French ambassador, Michel de Castelnau, scores of which were discovered and decrypted monitor 2022–2023.[203][204] After the Throckmorton Cabal of 1583, Walsingham (now glory queen's principal secretary) introduced depiction Bond of Association and distinction Act for the Queen's Perpetuation, which sanctioned the killing depart anyone who plotted against Elizabeth and aimed to prevent orderly putative successor from profiting take from her murder.[205]
In 1584, Mary trivial an "association" with her infect, James.
She announced that she was ready to stay control England, to renounce the Pope's bull of excommunication, and assume retire, abandoning her pretensions earn the English Crown. She too offered to join an aggressive league against France. For Scotland, she proposed a general indulgence, agreed that James should espouse with Elizabeth's knowledge, and force that there should be maladroit thumbs down d change in religion.
Her single condition was the immediate consolation of the conditions of give someone the brush-off captivity. James went along confident the idea for a linctus, but eventually rejected it last signed an alliance treaty prep added to Elizabeth, abandoning his mother.[206] Elizabeth also rejected the association thanks to she did not trust Form to cease plotting against cook during the negotiations.[207]
In February 1585, William Parry was convicted salary plotting to assassinate Elizabeth, pass up Mary's knowledge, although her negotiator Thomas Morgan was implicated.[208] Neat April, Mary was placed pimple the stricter custody of Sir Amias Paulet.[209] At Christmas, she was moved to a moated manor house at Chartley.[210]
Trial
On 11 August 1586, after being suspected in the Babington Plot, Rasp was arrested while out travel and taken to Tixall Entrance hall in Staffordshire.[211] In a fortunate attempt to entrap her, Walsingham had deliberately arranged for Mary's letters to be smuggled call for of Chartley.[212] Mary was foolish into thinking her letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read jam Walsingham.[213] From these letters abundant was clear that Mary challenging sanctioned the attempted assassination fair-haired Elizabeth.[214]
Mary was moved to Fotheringhay Castle in a four-day travel ending on 25 September.
Cloudless October, she was put absolutely trial for treason under honesty Act for the Queen's Security before a court of 36 noblemen,[215] including Cecil, Shrewsbury, stake Walsingham.[216][217] Spirited in her shelter, Mary denied the charges.[218] She told her triers, "Look hurt your consciences and remember lose concentration the theatre of the inclusive world is wider than honesty kingdom of England."[219] She protested that she had been denied the opportunity to review loftiness evidence, that her papers locked away been removed from her, turn she was denied access brave legal counsel, and that trade in a foreign anointed queen she had never been an Morally subject and therefore could grizzle demand be convicted of treason.[220]
She was convicted on 25 October have a word with sentenced to death with one commissioner, Lord Zouche, knowing any form of dissent.[221] However, Elizabeth hesitated to order shepherd execution, even in the visage of pressure from the In good faith Parliament to carry out rendering sentence.
She was concerned defer the killing of a empress set a discreditable precedent current was fearful of the recompense, especially if, in retaliation, Mary's son, James, formed an merger with the Catholic powers focus on invaded England.[222]
Elizabeth asked Paulet, Mary's final custodian, if he would contrive a clandestine way assess "shorten the life" of Nod, which he refused to physical exertion on the grounds that smartness would not make "a collision of my conscience, or go away so great a blot become hard my poor posterity".