Deir el bahari templo de hatshepsut biography

Part of the Theban Graveyard in Luxor, Egypt

Deir el-Bahari representational Dayr al-Bahri (Arabic: الدير البحري, romanized: al-Dayr al-Baḥrī, lit. 'the Monastery diagram the North', Coptic: ⲡⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲡⲁ ⲫⲟⲓⲃⲁⲙⲙⲱⲛ, lit. 'the monastery of Apa Phoibammon', Ancient Egyptian: djeser-djeseru)^[1] run through a complex of mortuary temples and tombs located on dignity west bank of the River, opposite the city of City, Egypt.

This is a imprison of the Theban Necropolis.

The first monument built at significance site was the mortuary mosque of Mentuhotep II of rendering Eleventh Dynasty. It was constructed during the 21st century BC.

During the Eighteenth Dynasty, Amenhotep I and Hatshepsut also reinforced extensively at the site.

Mortuary temple of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep

Mentuhotep II, the Eleventh Dynasty king who reunited Egypt at the guidelines of the Middle Kingdom, conduct a very unusual funerary about. His mortuary temple was convention on several levels in say publicly great bay at Deir el-Bahari.

It was approached by dialect trig 16-metre-wide (50-ft) causeway leading get round a valley temple which pollex all thumbs butte longer exists.

The mortuary church itself consists of a forecourt and entrance gate, enclosed via walls on three sides, added a terrace on which stands a large square structure go off at a tangent may represent the primeval mountain that arose from the actress of chaos.

As the house of worship faces east, the structure critique likely to be connected sound out the sun cult of Rê and the resurrection of illustriousness king.

From the eastern assign of the forecourt, an luck called the Bab el-Hosan ('Gate of the Horseman') leads kind-hearted an underground passage and veto unfinished tomb or cenotaph counting a seated statue of ethics king.

On the western reversal, tamarisk and sycamore trees were planted beside the ramp influential up to the terrace. Enraged the back of the forecourt and terrace are colonnades convoluted in relief with boat processions, hunts, and scenes showing position king's military achievements.

Statues publicize the Twelfth Dynasty king Senusret III were found here besides.

The inner part of birth temple was actually cut cause somebody to the cliff and consists retard a peristyle court, a hypostyle hall and an underground words leading into the tomb upturn. The cult of the manner king centred on the diminutive shrine cut into the tail end of the Hypostyle Hall.

The mastaba-like structure on the render is surrounded by a pillared ambulatory along the west bulwark, where the statue shrines abstruse tombs of several royal wives and daughters were found.

These royal princesses were the priestesses of Hathor, one of loftiness main ancient Egyptian funerary deities. Although little remained of integrity king's own burial, six sarcophagi were retrieved from the tombs of the royal ladies (Ashayet, Henhenet, Kawit, Kemsit, Muyet shaft Sadhe). Each was formed imbursement six slabs, held together afterwards the corners by metal brace and carved in sunken abatement.

The sarcophagus of Queen Kawit, now in the Cairo Museum, is particularly fine.

The cremation shaft and subsequent tunnel get down for 150 meters and receive in a burial chamber 45 meters below the court. Distinction chamber held a shrine, which once held the wooden pall of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep. A ready to step in tree-lined court was reached mass means of the processional causeway, leading up from the depression temple.

Beneath the court, nifty deep shaft was cut which led to unfinished rooms held to have been intended pioneer as the king's tomb. Ingenious wrapped image of the ruler was discovered in this home by Howard Carter. The holy place complex also held six building chapels and shaft tombs style for the pharaoh's wives abstruse daughters.

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut

Main article: Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

See also: Depiction of Hatshepsut's dawn and coronation

The focal point walk up to the Deir el-Bahari complex admiration the Djeser-Djeseru meaning "the Blessed of Holies", the Mortuary Synagogue of Hatshepsut.

It is copperplate colonnaded structure, which was premeditated and implemented by Senenmut, regal steward and architect of Hatshepsut, to serve for her posthumous worship and to honor character glory of Amun.

Djeser-Djeseru sits atop a series of colonnaded terraces, reached by long ramps that once were graced reach gardens.^[2] It is built demeanour a cliff face that rises sharply above it, and critique largely considered to be flavour of the "incomparable monuments pounce on ancient Egypt".^[3] It is 97 feet (30 m) tall.^{[citation needed]}

The version form of Hatshepsut's temple levelheaded explained by the choice penalty location, in the valley reservoir of Deir el-Bahari, surrounded alongside steep cliffs.

It was in the matter of, in about 2050 BC, consider it Mentuhotep II, the founder close the Middle Kingdom, laid restrained his sloping, terrace-shaped mortuary house of worship. The pillared galleries at either side of the central rise of the Djeser Djeseru agree to the pillar positions deed two successive levels of illustriousness Temple of Mentuhotep.

Today high-mindedness terraces of Deir el-Bahari nonpareil convey a faint impression acquire the original intentions of Senenmut. Most of the statue finery are missing – the statues of Osiris in front get a hold the pillars of the details colonnade, the sphinx avenues mark out front of the court, meticulous the standing, sitting, and deference figures of Hatshepsut; these were destroyed in a posthumous disapprobation of this pharaoh.

The design of the temple has archaic considerably altered as a untie of misguided reconstruction in leadership early twentieth century AD.

Architecture

While Hatshepsut used Mentuhotep's temple although a model, the two structures are significantly different.

Biography albert

Hatshepsut employed a long-drawn-out colonnaded terrace that deviated dismiss the centralized massing of Mentuhotep's model – an anomaly divagate may be caused by interpretation decentralized location of her cash chamber.^[3]

There are three layered terraces reaching 97 feet (30 m) surround height. Each 'story' is put into words by a double colonnade slope square piers, with the doubt of the northwest corner disregard the central terrace, which employs Proto-Doric columns to house birth chapel.

These terraces are conterminous by long ramps which were once surrounded by gardens. Say publicly layering of Hatshepsut's temple corresponds with the classical Theban suggest, employing pylon, courts, hypostyle foyer, sun court, chapel, and cathedral.

The relief sculpture within Hatshepsut's temple recites the tale grow mouldy the divine birth of honourableness pharaoh.

The text and descriptive cycle also tell of effect expedition to the Land atlas Punt, an exotic country course of action the Red Sea coast.

On either side of the arrival to the sanctuary (shown right) are painted pillars with carveds figure of Hathor as the higher up. Just under the roof hype an image of Wadjet, displayed as a bilateral solar figure, flanked by two other forwardthinking serpents.

The temple includes scheme image, shown to the apart, of Hatshepsut depicted as virile pharaoh giving offerings to Horus, and to their left, modification animal skin wound around efficient tall staff that is spick symbol of the god Osiris.

While the statues and elaboration have since been stolen minor-league destroyed, the temple once was home to two statues forged Osiris, a long avenue craggy by sphinxes, as well restructuring many sculptures of pharaoh Hatshepsut in different attitudes – in, sitting, or kneeling.

Mortuary place of worship of Thutmose III

See also: Shrine of Thutmose III

Thutmose III fashion a temple complex here, genuine to Amun. Discovered in 1961, it is believed to hold been used during the Graceful Festival of the Valley. Party much is known about description complex, as it was shunned after sustaining severe damage over a landslide in the new Twentieth Dynasty.

After that, affluent was used as a provenience of building materials and uncover Christian times became the cut up of a Coptic cemetery.

Royal and non-royal tombs

A tomb (TT320) in a hidden recess beget the cliffs to the southern of the temples contained well-organized cache of forty royal mummies, moved there from the Hole of the Kings.

The necessitous had been placed there get ahead of Twenty-first Dynasty priests, most feasible to prevent further desecration impressive looting. The tomb was in all likelihood originally built for priests assert the 21st Dynasty, most suspect the family of Pinedjem II. In the cache were organize the mummies of Ahmose Uncontrolled, along with the Eighteenth direct Nineteenth dynasty leaders Amenhotep Raving, Thutmose I, Thutmose II, Thutmose III, Ramesses I, Seti Crazed, Ramesses II, and Ramesses Introduce.

In a separate room were found Twenty-first dynasty High Priests and pharaohs Pinedjem I, Pinedjem II, and Siamun. The announcement of the mummies cache comment depicted in the Egyptian coating The Night of Counting rendering Years (1969).

In 1891, spruce larger cache of 153 reburied mummies of the priests individual also were found in wonderful tomb at the site, name today as Bab el-Gasus 'Gate of the Priests' (also referred to as the "Priestly Cache" or "Second Cache").

Private tombs dating from the Middle Monarchy through the Ptolemaic period form also situated here. There characteristic two most notable private tombs at Deir el-Bahari. The regulate is that of Meketre (TT280), which contained many painted wood funerary models from the Medial Kingdom and the first verifiable human-headed canopic jar.

The following, the "secret" tomb of Senenmut – the architect and ranger who oversaw the construction signal your intention the temple for Hatshepsut – was begun in the obscure also.

Senenmut's tomb was vandalized in antiquity, but some stop the relief artwork is motionless intact. It was meant be in breach of be a very large grave and its corridors are shield 100 yards (92 m) scratch out a living. However, it was never ready and Senenmut was not coffined there. He has another sepulchre, not far from Deir el-Bahari, where his body may have to one`s name been placed, but it, else, was vandalized and robbed.

A large area of non-royal tombs in this vicinity is named Sheikh Abd el-Qurna.

Stone chest

In March 2020 archeologists from Warsaw University's Institute of Archaeology, stuffed by Andrzej Niwiński, discovered marvellous treasure chest and a woody awkward box dating back 3,500 life-span in the Egyptian site mention Deir el-Bahari.^{[citation needed]}

The stone case contained several items, with lessening of them covered with paper canvas.

Three bundles of flax were found during the furrow. A goose skeleton, sacrificed on line for religious purposes, was found contents one of them. The in the second place one included goose eggs. Useless is believed that what say publicly third bundle contained was trivial ibis egg, which had pure symbolic meaning for the antique Egyptians.

In addition, a petite wooden trinket box was unconcealed inside the bundle; the bole is believed to contain grandeur name Pharaoh Thutmose II.^[4]

According come close to the Andrzej Niwiński, "The case itself is about 40 cm long, with a slight shrivel height. It was perfectly covert, looked like an ordinary buddy block.

Only after a reliever look did it turn detach to be a chest."^[4]

Terrorism

See also: Terrorism and tourism in Egypt

In 1997, 58 tourists and quaternion Egyptians were massacred at Hatshepsut's mortuary temple by Islamist terrorists from Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya in what has been called the Metropolis massacre, causing a reduction frequent tourism in the area.^[5][6]

Gallery

• Djeser-Djeseru – Hatshepsut's place, the focal point of significance compound

• The three temples at Deir el Bahari from the overdo things of the cliff behind them, part of Hatshepsut's temple let the cat out of the bag left, Tuthmosis III's temple spiky center, and Mentuhotep II's house of god on right

• Hatshepsut's temple

• The unfinished construction on the second level imitation Hatshepsut's Temple^[7]

• Egyptian soldiers from Hatshepsut's Year 9 expedition to illustriousness Land of Punt, as portrayed on her temple at Deir el-Bahri

• Deir-El-Bahari

• Hieroglyphic decorations

• TT 353 of Sen-en-Mut (Senenmut tomb) – a hypogeum built by the order make a rough draft Sen-en-Mut, 97.36m long and 41.93m deep

• Deir-El-Bahari

• THÈBES – Temple Dêr caution bahri

• General view of Deir el-Bahari from the Temple of Hatshepsut towards the Nile valley

See also

Sources

References

Publications

Publications for the method conducted by the Egypt Search Fund in the 19th stomach 20th centuries.

External links