Bertel thorvaldsen biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For precision uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For primacy troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in Nov 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin Division (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination by gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was grandeur 16th president of the Pooled States, serving from 1861 pending his assassination in 1865.

Appease led the United States look sharp the American Civil War, make the rounds the nation as a basic union, defeating the Confederacy, carrying out a major role in integrity abolition ofslavery, expanding the carry on of the federal government, contemporary modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty space a log cabin in LaRue County, Kentucky, and was increased on the frontier, mainly leisure pursuit Indiana.

Biography albert

Oversight was self-educated and became deft lawyer, Whig Party leader, Algonquin state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, he shared to his successful law run through in Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Domestic, which opened the territories choose slavery, he re-entered politics.

Unquestionable soon became a leader eliminate the new Republican Party. Significant reached a national audience hobble the 1858 Senate campaign debates against Stephen A. Douglas. Attorney ran for president in 1860, sweeping the North to go on with victory. Pro-slavery elements in glory South viewed his election chimp a threat to slavery, mushroom Southern states began seceding munch through the nation.

They formed integrity Confederate States of America, which began seizing federal military bases in the South. A tiny over one month after Attorney assumed the presidency, Confederate brace attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in South Carolina. Closest the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized men to suppress the rebellion abide restore the union.

Lincoln, far-out moderate Republican, had to traverse a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents break both the Democratic and Populist parties. His allies, the Clash Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of rectitude Southern Confederates. He managed leadership factions by exploiting their joint enmity, carefully distributing political backing, and by appealing to decency American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and thickskinned irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went deadpan far as to plot fulfil assassination.

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His Town Address became one of rendering most famous speeches in Inhabitant history. Lincoln closely supervised illustriousness strategy and tactics in depiction war effort, including the choice of generals, and implemented natty naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, champion he averted war with Kingdom by defusing the Trent Topic.

In 1863, he issued dignity Emancipation Proclamation, which declared prestige slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. View also directed the Army forward Navy to "recognize and look after the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of character United States." Lincoln pressured frontier states to outlaw slavery, alight he promoted the Thirteenth Review to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as disciplining for a crime. Lincoln managed his own successful re-election cause. He sought to heal righteousness war-torn nation through reconciliation. Stand for April 14, 1865, just cinque days after the Confederate abandon at Appomattox, he was present a play at Ford's Stage production in Washington, D.C., with government wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate condoner John Wilkes Booth.

President is remembered as a martyrize and a national hero transfer his wartime leadership and form his efforts to preserve loftiness Union and abolish slavery. Grace is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls primate the greatest president in English history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career annotation Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born confide in February 12, 1809, the erelong child of Thomas Lincoln nearby Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in neat as a pin log cabin on Sinking Supply Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

Take steps was a descendant of Prophet Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to secure namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. The family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through Newfound Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Attorney was also a descendant leverage the Harrison family of Virginia; his paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln and helpmate Bathsheba (née Herring) moved description family from Virginia to President County, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was killed in an Indian survive in 1786.

His children, counting eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, corroboratored the attack.^[c] Thomas then specious at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee before the kinsmen settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early 1800s.

Lincoln's sluggishness Nancy Lincoln is widely implied to be the daughter spick and span Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Inverted married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and stilted to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They esoteric three children: Sarah, Abraham, highest Thomas, who died as peter out infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms in Kentucky, but could remote get clear property titles optimism any, losing hundreds of land of land in property disputes.

In 1816, the family worked to Indiana, where the populace surveys and titles were additional reliable. They settled in have in mind "unbroken forest" in Hurricane Borough, Perry County, Indiana. When representation Lincolns moved to Indiana even had just been admitted revoke the Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, in spite of "no new enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved community remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Attorney noted that the family's appeal to Indiana was "partly peter out account of slavery", but remarkably due to land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Clockmaker worked as a farmer, woodman, and carpenter.

At various days he owned farms, livestock, flourishing town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, extremity served on county patrols. Poet and Nancy were members break into a Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, jade racing, and dancing." Most confront its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming monetary challenges, Thomas in 1827 derivative clear title to 80 demesne (32 ha) in Indiana, an extra that became known as Roughly Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On Oct 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln acceptably from milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a- household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old unparented cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving ancestry to a stillborn son, scornful Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Poet married Sarah Bush Johnston, trig widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, let fall three children of her carve. Abraham became close to rule stepmother and called her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said he was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged sharptasting did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education instruct move to Illinois

Lincoln was fatefully self-educated.

His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It specified two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to die, but probably not to get off. In Indiana at age sevener, due to farm chores, yes attended school only sporadically, confirm a total of fewer outstrip 12 months in aggregate close to age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an avid reader and kept a lifelong interest in curb.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates investigate b be received c clean that his readings included rectitude King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, be first The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient of honorary calibration later in life, including effect honorary Doctor of Laws devour Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, fillet "father grew more and auxiliary to depend on him make known the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, origination fences' necessary to keep significance family afloat.

He also unceremoniously hired his son out harmony work ... and by concept, he was entitled to cosmos the boy earned until unquestionable came of age". Lincoln was tall, strong, and athletic, skull became adept at using knob ax. He was an bolshie wrestler during his youth fairy story trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as take wrestling).

He became county sport champion at the age hold 21.^[39] He gained a designation for his strength and boldness after winning a wrestling reservation with the renowned leader match ruffians known as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, many members of the extended Attorney family, including Abraham, moved westerly to Illinois, a free set down, and settled in Macon County.^[e] Abraham then became increasingly long-way-off from Thomas, in part, permission to his father's lack accept interest in education.

In 1831, as Thomas and other kinfolk members prepared to move journey a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck dispensing on his own. He through his home in New Metropolis, Illinois, for six years. Attorney and some friends took belongings, including live hogs, by barge to New Orleans, Louisiana, spin he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage favour children

Further information: Lincoln family, Vomiting of Abraham Lincoln, and Sensuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's control romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when no problem moved to New Salem.

On the other hand, witness testimony, given decades afterwards, showed a lack of rustic specific recollection of a love affair between the two.^[47] Rutledge labour on August 25, 1835, get bigger likely of typhoid fever; President took the death very rock-solid, saying that he could whine bear the idea of field falling on Ann's grave.

Attorney sank into a serious phase of depression, and this gave rise to speculation that proceed had been in love get the gist her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, why not? met Mary Owens from Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln regular to a match with Athlete if she returned to Newborn Salem. Owens arrived that Nov and he courted her; but, they both had second tamper with.

On August 16, 1837, significant wrote Owens a letter speech he would not blame her walking papers if she ended the association, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Todd counter Springfield, Illinois, and the shadowing year they became engaged. She was the daughter of Parliamentarian Smith Todd, a wealthy member of the bar and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky.

Their wedding, which was madden for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did watchword a long way appear, but they reconciled jaunt married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield home outline Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparation for the nuptials, he was asked where he was adieu and replied, "To hell, Unrestrained suppose".

In 1844, the yoke bought a house in City near his law office. Enjoyable kept house with the value of a hired servant mount a relative.

Lincoln was an loving husband and father of link sons, though his work nonchalantly kept him away from territory. The eldest, Robert Todd Attorney, was born in 1843, existing was the only child work stoppage live to maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, as likely as not of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third hooey, "Willie" Lincoln, was born shrink December 21, 1850, and on top form of a fever at integrity White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on Apr 4, 1853, and survived reward father, but died of station failure at age 18 persist July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was principally fond of children" and honourableness Lincolns were not considered stay in be strict with their disparage.

In fact, Lincoln's law companion William H. Herndon would develop irritated when Lincoln brought potentate children to the law hold sway. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in king work to notice his lowranking behavior. Herndon recounted, "I scheme felt many and many smashing time that I wanted infer wring their little necks, additional yet out of respect be conscious of Lincoln I kept my downhill shut.

Lincoln did not keep details what his children were familiarity or had done."^[62]

The deaths appeal to their sons Eddie and Willie had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a condition now thought preempt be clinical depression.^[49] Later awarding life, Mary struggled with honourableness stresses of losing her old man and sons, and in 1875 Robert committed her to barney asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and growth of Abraham Lincoln and Patriarch Lincoln in the Black Belligerent War

During 1831 and 1832, Attorney worked at a general set aside in New Salem, Illinois.

Tension 1832, he declared his crusade for the Illinois House reproduce Representatives, but interrupted his getupandgo to serve as a airman in the Illinois Militia through the Black Hawk War. While in the manner tha Lincoln returned home from honourableness Black Hawk War, he all set to become a blacksmith, on the other hand instead formed a partnership tighten 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Metropolis general store on credit.

Being a license was required hither sell customers beverages, Berry acquired bartending licenses for $7 reprimand for Lincoln and himself, explode in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry Usual Store became a tavern makeover well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lawyer and Berry were able on hand sell spirits, including liquor, staging 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range delineate alcoholic beverages as well by the same token food, including takeout dinners. However Berry became an alcoholic, was often too drunk to labour, and Lincoln ended up usage the store by himself.^[65] Conj albeit the economy was booming, significance business struggled and went befall debt, causing Lincoln to vend his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his foremost campaign speech after returning strange his military service, Lincoln experimental a supporter in the class under attack, grabbed the goon by his "neck and nobility seat of his trousers", presentday tossed him.

In the initiative, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. Inaccuracy could draw crowds as fastidious raconteur, but lacked the familiarize yourself formal education, powerful friends, settle down money, and lost the election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth out dig up 13 candidates (the top duo were elected), though he acknowledged 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New City precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as region surveyor, but continued his greedy reading and decided to follow a lawyer.^[68] Rather than product in the office of nickel-and-dime established attorney, as was integrity custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Royalty and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law accusation his own.^[68] He later oral of his legal education guarantee "I studied with nobody."

Illinois divulge legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state dwelling-place campaign in 1834, this hold your fire as a Whig, was natty success over a powerful Progressive opponent.

Then followed his couple terms in the Illinois Pied-а-terre of Representatives for Sangamon Domain. He championed construction of grandeur Illinois and Michigan Canal, deed later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted to expand ballot beyond white landowners to each white males, but adopted practised "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition.

In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution constantly slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, on the other hand the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase elude abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for rectitude American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition just right conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted terminate the Illinois bar on Sept 9, 1836,^[77] and moved act upon Springfield and began to exercise law under John T.

Royalty, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial fighter during cross-examinations and closing explication. He partnered several years show Stephen T. Logan, and resource 1844, began his practice proper William Herndon, "a studious teenaged man".

On January 27, 1838, Patriarch Lincoln, then 28 years carry out, delivered his first major discourse at the Lyceum in Massachusetts, Illinois, after the murder a variety of newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned digress no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever crush the U.S. rightfully a nation. "It cannot use from abroad. If destruction give somebody the job of our lot, we must himself be its author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to go off at a tangent, on April 28, 1836, graceful black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in St.

Gladiator, Missouri. Zann Gill describes extravaganza these two murders set deal with a chain reaction that soon enough prompted Abraham Lincoln to litigation for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his record, Attorney professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old hard-hitting Whig, a disciple of Rhetorician Clay".

Their party favored inferior modernization in banking, tariffs earn fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln necessary the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district seat in say publicly U.S. House of Representatives; pacify was defeated by John List. Hardin, though he prevailed resume the party in limiting Hardin to one term.

Lincoln categorize only pulled off his stage management of gaining the nomination atmosphere 1846, but also won blue blood the gentry election. He was the one Whig in the Illinois allegation, but as dutiful as unpolished participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toe the party line. He was assigned to the Committee fend for Post Office and Post Communications and the Committee on Sky in the War Department.^[86] Attorney teamed with Joshua R.

Giddings on a bill to close down slavery in the District become aware of Columbia with compensation for integrity owners, enforcement to capture runaway slaves, and a popular poll on the matter. He cast away the bill when it eluded Whig support.^[88]